Maths Olympiad Prep

Library / EGMO /9 of 22

EGMO

Geometry Difficulty 7.7 National Olympiad, round 2 Prove it European Girls' Mathematical Olympiad (EGMO)

Problem:

Let ABCABC be a triangle such that ∠CAB>∠ABC\angle CAB > \angle ABC, and let II be its incentre. Let DD be the point on segment BCBC such that ∠CAD=∠ABC\angle CAD = \angle ABC. Let ω\omega be the circle tangent to ACAC at AA and passing through II. Let XX be the second point of intersection of ω\omega and the circumcircle of ABCABC. Prove that the angle bisectors of ∠DAB\angle DAB and ∠CXB\angle CXB intersect at a point on line BCBC.

Solutions — 10

Solution 1

Solution:

Let SS be the intersection point of BCBC and the angle bisector of ∠BAD\angle BAD, and let TT be the intersection point of BCBC and the angle bisector of ∠BXC\angle BXC. We will prove that both quadruples A,I,B,SA, I, B, S and A,I,B,TA, I, B, T are concyclic, which yields S=TS = T.

Firstly denote by MM the middle of arc⁡AB\operatorname{arc} AB of the circumcenter of ABCABC which does not contain CC. Consider the circle centered at MM passing through A,IA, I and BB (it is well-known that MA=MI=MBMA = MI = MB); let it intersect BCBC at BB and S′S'. Since ∠BAC>∠CBA\angle BAC > \angle CBA it is easy to check that S′S' lies on side BCBC. Denoting the angles in ABCABC by α,β,γ\alpha, \beta, \gamma we get
∠BAD=∠BAC−∠DAC=α−β. \angle BAD = \angle BAC - \angle DAC = \alpha - \beta.
Moreover since ∠MBC=∠MBA+∠ABC=γ2+β\angle MBC = \angle MBA + \angle ABC = \frac{\gamma}{2} + \beta, then
∠BMS′=180∘−2∠MBC=180∘−γ−2β=α−β \angle BMS' = 180^\circ - 2\angle MBC = 180^\circ - \gamma - 2\beta = \alpha - \beta
It follows that ∠BAS′=2∠BMS′=2∠BAD\angle BAS' = 2\angle BMS' = 2\angle BAD which gives us S=S′S = S'.

Figure 1

Secondly let NN be the middle of arc BCBC of the circumcenter of ABCABC which does not contain AA. From ∠BAC>∠CBA\angle BAC > \angle CBA we conclude that XX lies on the arc⁡AB\operatorname{arc} AB of circumcircle of ABCABC not containing CC. Obviously both AIAI and XTXT are passing through NN. Since ∠NBT=α2=∠BXN\angle NBT = \frac{\alpha}{2} = \angle BXN we obtain △NBT∼△NXB\triangle NBT \sim \triangle NXB, therefore
NT⋅NX=NB2=NI2 NT \cdot NX = NB^2 = NI^2
It follows that △NTI∼△NIX\triangle NTI \sim \triangle NIX. Keeping in mind that ∠NBC=∠NAC=∠IXA\angle NBC = \angle NAC = \angle IXA we get
∠TIN=∠IXN=∠NXA−∠IXA=∠NBA−∠NBC=∠TBA. \angle TIN = \angle IXN = \angle NXA - \angle IXA = \angle NBA - \angle NBC = \angle TBA.
It means that A,I,B,TA, I, B, T are concyclic which ends the proof.

Solution 2

Solution:

Let ∠BAC=α\angle BAC = \alpha, ∠ABC=β\angle ABC = \beta, ∠BCA=γ\angle BCA = \gamma, ∠ACX=ϕ\angle ACX = \phi. Denote by W1W_1 and W2W_2 the intersections of segment BCBC with the angle bisectors of ∠BXC\angle BXC and ∠BAD\angle BAD respectively. Then BW1/W1C=BX/XCBW_1 / W_1C = BX / XC and BW2/W2D=BA/ADBW_2 / W_2D = BA / AD. We shall show that BW1=BW2BW_1 = BW_2.

Since ∠DAC=∠CBA\angle DAC = \angle CBA, triangles ADCADC and BACBAC are similar and therefore
DCAC=ACBC \frac{DC}{AC} = \frac{AC}{BC}
By the Law of sines
BW2W2D=BAAD=BCAC=sin⁡αsin⁡β. \frac{BW_2}{W_2D} = \frac{BA}{AD} = \frac{BC}{AC} = \frac{\sin \alpha}{\sin \beta}.
Consequently
BDBW2=W2DBW2+1=sin⁡βsin⁡α+1,BCBW2=BCBD⋅BDBW2=11−DC/BC⋅BDBW2=11−AC2/BC2⋅BDBW2=sin⁡2αsin⁡2α−sin⁡2β⋅sin⁡β+sin⁡αsin⁡α=sin⁡αsin⁡α−sin⁡β. \begin{gathered} \frac{BD}{BW_2} = \frac{W_2D}{BW_2} + 1 = \frac{\sin \beta}{\sin \alpha} + 1, \\ \frac{BC}{BW_2} = \frac{BC}{BD} \cdot \frac{BD}{BW_2} = \frac{1}{1 - DC/BC} \cdot \frac{BD}{BW_2} = \frac{1}{1 - AC^2 / BC^2} \cdot \frac{BD}{BW_2} = \\ \frac{\sin^2 \alpha}{\sin^2 \alpha - \sin^2 \beta} \cdot \frac{\sin \beta + \sin \alpha}{\sin \alpha} = \frac{\sin \alpha}{\sin \alpha - \sin \beta}. \end{gathered}
Note that AXBCAXBC is cyclic and so ∠BXC=∠BAC=α\angle BXC = \angle BAC = \alpha. Hence, ∠XBC=180∘−∠BXC−∠BCX=180∘−α−ϕ\angle XBC = 180^\circ - \angle BXC - \angle BCX = 180^\circ - \alpha - \phi. By the Law of sines for the triangle BXCBXC, we have
BCW1B=W1CW1B+1=CXBX+1=sin⁡∠CBXsin⁡ϕ+1=sin⁡(α+ϕ)sin⁡ϕ+1=sin⁡αcot⁡ϕ+cos⁡α+1. \begin{gathered} \frac{BC}{W_1B} = \frac{W_1C}{W_1B} + 1 = \frac{CX}{BX} + 1 = \frac{\sin \angle CBX}{\sin \phi} + 1 = \\ \frac{\sin (\alpha + \phi)}{\sin \phi} + 1 = \sin \alpha \cot \phi + \cos \alpha + 1. \end{gathered}
So, it's enough to prove that
sin⁡αsin⁡α−sin⁡β=sin⁡αcot⁡ϕ+cos⁡α \frac{\sin \alpha}{\sin \alpha - \sin \beta} = \sin \alpha \cot \phi + \cos \alpha
Since ACAC is tangent to the circle AIXAIX, we have ∠AXI=∠IAC=α/2\angle AXI = \angle IAC = \alpha / 2. Moreover ∠XAI=∠XAB+∠BAI=ϕ+α/2\angle XAI = \angle XAB + \angle BAI = \phi + \alpha / 2 and ∠XIA=180∘−∠XAI−∠AXI=180∘−α−ϕ\angle XIA = 180^\circ - \angle XAI - \angle AXI = 180^\circ - \alpha - \phi. Applying the Law of sines again XAC,XAI,IACXAC, XAI, IAC we obtain
AXsin⁡(α+ϕ)=AIsin⁡α/2,AXsin⁡(γ−ϕ)=ACsin⁡∠AXC=ACsin⁡β,AIsin⁡γ/2=ACsin⁡(α/2+γ/2). \begin{gathered} \frac{AX}{\sin (\alpha + \phi)} = \frac{AI}{\sin \alpha / 2}, \\ \frac{AX}{\sin (\gamma - \phi)} = \frac{AC}{\sin \angle AXC} = \frac{AC}{\sin \beta}, \\ \frac{AI}{\sin \gamma / 2} = \frac{AC}{\sin (\alpha / 2 + \gamma / 2)}. \end{gathered}
Combining the last three equalities we end up with
sin⁡(γ−ϕ)sin⁡(α+ϕ)=AIAC⋅sin⁡βsin⁡α/2=sin⁡βsin⁡α/2⋅sin⁡γ/2sin⁡(α/2+γ/2)sin⁡(γ−ϕ)sin⁡(α+ϕ)=sin⁡γcot⁡ϕ−cos⁡γsin⁡αcot⁡ϕ+cos⁡α=2sin⁡β/2sin⁡γ/2sin⁡α/2 \begin{gathered} \frac{\sin (\gamma - \phi)}{\sin (\alpha + \phi)} = \frac{AI}{AC} \cdot \frac{\sin \beta}{\sin \alpha / 2} = \frac{\sin \beta}{\sin \alpha / 2} \cdot \frac{\sin \gamma / 2}{\sin (\alpha / 2 + \gamma / 2)} \\ \frac{\sin (\gamma - \phi)}{\sin (\alpha + \phi)} = \frac{\sin \gamma \cot \phi - \cos \gamma}{\sin \alpha \cot \phi + \cos \alpha} = \frac{2 \sin \beta / 2 \sin \gamma / 2}{\sin \alpha / 2} \end{gathered}
sin⁡αsin⁡γcot⁡ϕ−sin⁡αcos⁡γsin⁡γsin⁡αcot⁡ϕ+sin⁡γcos⁡α=2sin⁡β/2cos⁡α/2cos⁡γ/2 \frac{\sin \alpha \sin \gamma \cot \phi - \sin \alpha \cos \gamma}{\sin \gamma \sin \alpha \cot \phi + \sin \gamma \cos \alpha} = \frac{2 \sin \beta / 2 \cos \alpha / 2}{\cos \gamma / 2}
Subtracting 1 from both sides yields
−sin⁡αcos⁡γ−sin⁡γcos⁡αsin⁡γsin⁡αcot⁡ϕ+sin⁡γcos⁡α=2sin⁡β/2cos⁡α/2cos⁡γ/2−1=2sin⁡β/2cos⁡α/2−sin⁡(α/2+β/2)cos⁡γ/2=sin⁡β/2cos⁡α/2−sin⁡α/2cos⁡β/2cos⁡γ/2,−sin⁡(α+γ)sin⁡γsin⁡αcot⁡ϕ+sin⁡γcos⁡α=sin⁡(β/2−α/2)cos⁡γ/2,−sin⁡βsin⁡αcot⁡ϕ+cos⁡α=2sin⁡γ/2sin⁡(β/2−α/2)=2cos⁡(β/2+α/2)sin⁡(β/2−α/2)=sin⁡β−sin⁡α \begin{gathered} \frac{-\sin \alpha \cos \gamma - \sin \gamma \cos \alpha}{\sin \gamma \sin \alpha \cot \phi + \sin \gamma \cos \alpha} = \frac{2 \sin \beta / 2 \cos \alpha / 2}{\cos \gamma / 2} - 1 = \\ \frac{2 \sin \beta / 2 \cos \alpha / 2 - \sin (\alpha / 2 + \beta / 2)}{\cos \gamma / 2} = \frac{\sin \beta / 2 \cos \alpha / 2 - \sin \alpha / 2 \cos \beta / 2}{\cos \gamma / 2}, \\ \frac{-\sin (\alpha + \gamma)}{\sin \gamma \sin \alpha \cot \phi + \sin \gamma \cos \alpha} = \frac{\sin (\beta / 2 - \alpha / 2)}{\cos \gamma / 2}, \\ \frac{-\sin \beta}{\sin \alpha \cot \phi + \cos \alpha} = 2 \sin \gamma / 2 \sin (\beta / 2 - \alpha / 2) = \\ 2 \cos (\beta / 2 + \alpha / 2) \sin (\beta / 2 - \alpha / 2) = \sin \beta - \sin \alpha \end{gathered}
and the result follows. We are left to note that none of the denominators can vanish.

Solution 3

Solution:

We first note that
∠BAD=∠BAC−∠DAC=∠A−∠B. \angle BAD = \angle BAC - \angle DAC = \angle A - \angle B.
Let CXCX and ADAD meet at KK. Then ∠CXA=∠ABC=∠KAC\angle CXA = \angle ABC = \angle KAC. Also, we have ∠IXA=∠A/2\angle IXA = \angle A/2, since ω\omega is tangent to ACAC at AA. Therefore,
∠DAI=∣∠B−∠A/2∣=∣∠KXA−∠IXA∣=∠KXI, \angle DAI = |\angle B - \angle A/2| = |\angle KXA - \angle IXA| = \angle KXI,
(the absolute value depends on whether ∠B≥∠A/2\angle B \geq \angle A/2 or not) which means that XKIAXKIA is cyclic, i.e. KK lies also on ω\omega.
Let IKIK meet BCBC at EE. (If ∠B=∠A/2\angle B = \angle A/2, then IKIK degenerates to the tangent line to ω\omega at II.) Note that BEIABEIA is cyclic, because
∠EIA=180∘−∠KXA=180∘−∠ABE. \angle EIA = 180^\circ - \angle KXA = 180^\circ - \angle ABE.
We have ∠EKA=180∘−∠AXI=180∘−∠A/2\angle EKA = 180^\circ - \angle AXI = 180^\circ - \angle A/2 and ∠AEI=∠ABI=∠B/2\angle AEI = \angle ABI = \angle B/2. Hence
∠EAK=180∘−∠EKA−∠AEI=180∘−(180∘−∠A/2)−∠B/2=(∠A−∠B)/2=∠BAD/2. \begin{aligned} \angle EAK & = 180^\circ - \angle EKA - \angle AEI \\ & = 180^\circ - (180^\circ - \angle A/2) - \angle B/2 \\ & = (\angle A - \angle B)/2 \\ & = \angle BAD/2. \end{aligned}
This means that AEAE is the angle bisector of ∠BAD\angle BAD. Next, let MM be the point of intersection of AEAE and BIBI. Then
∠EMI=180∘−∠B/2−∠BAD/2=180∘−∠A/2 \angle EMI = 180^\circ - \angle B/2 - \angle BAD/2 = 180^\circ - \angle A/2
and so, its supplement is
∠AMI=∠A/2=∠AXI \angle AMI = \angle A/2 = \angle AXI
so X,M,K,I,AX, M, K, I, A all lie on ω\omega. Next, we have
∠XMA=∠XKA=180∘−∠ADC−∠XCB=180∘−∠A−∠XCB=∠B+∠XCA=∠B+∠XBA=∠XBE, \begin{aligned} \angle XMA & = \angle XKA \\ & = 180^\circ - \angle ADC - \angle XCB \\ & = 180^\circ - \angle A - \angle XCB \\ & = \angle B + \angle XCA \\ & = \angle B + \angle XBA \\ & = \angle XBE, \end{aligned}
and so X,B,E,MX, B, E, M are concyclic. Hence
∠EXC=∠EXM+∠MXC=∠MBE+∠MAK=∠B/2+∠BAD/2=∠A/2=∠BXC/2 \begin{aligned} \angle EXC & = \angle EXM + \angle MXC \\ & = \angle MBE + \angle MAK \\ & = \angle B/2 + \angle BAD/2 \\ & = \angle A/2 \\ & = \angle BXC/2 \end{aligned}
This means that XEXE is the angle bisector of ∠BXC\angle BXC and so we are done!

Solution 4

Solution:

It is ∠ABD=∠DAC\angle ABD = \angle DAC, and so AC‾\overline{AC} is tangent to the circumcircle of △BAD\triangle BAD at AA. Hence CA2=CD⋅CBCA^2 = CD \cdot CB.

Figure 2

Triangle ABCABC is similar to triangle CADCAD, because ∠C\angle C is a common angle and ∠CAD=∠ABC\angle CAD = \angle ABC, and so ∠ADC=∠BAC=2φ\angle ADC = \angle BAC = 2\varphi.
Let QQ be the point of intersection of ADAD and CXCX. Since ∠BXC=∠BAC=2φ\angle BXC = \angle BAC = 2\varphi, it follows that BDQXBDQX is cyclic. Therefore, CD⋅CB=CQ⋅CX=CA2CD \cdot CB = CQ \cdot CX = CA^2 which implies that QQ lies on ω\omega.
Next let PP be the point of intersection of ADAD with the circumcircle of triangle ABCABC. Then ∠PBC=∠PAC=∠ABC=∠APC\angle PBC = \angle PAC = \angle ABC = \angle APC yielding CA=CPCA = CP. So, let TT be on the side BCBC such that CT=CA=CPCT = CA = CP. Then
∠TAD=∠TAC−∠DAC=(90∘−∠C2)−∠B=∠A−∠B2=∠BAD2 \angle TAD = \angle TAC - \angle DAC = \left(90^\circ - \frac{\angle C}{2}\right) - \angle B = \frac{\angle A - \angle B}{2} = \frac{\angle BAD}{2}
that is, line ATAT is the angle bisector of ∠BAD\angle BAD. We want to show that XTXT is the angle bisector of ∠BXC\angle BXC. To this end, it suffices to show that ∠TXC=φ\angle TXC = \varphi.
It is CT2=CA2=CQ⋅CXCT^2 = CA^2 = CQ \cdot CX, and so CTCT is tangent to the circumcircle of XTQXTQ at TT. Since ∠TXQ=∠QTC\angle TXQ = \angle QTC and ∠QDC=2φ\angle QDC = 2\varphi, it suffices to show that ∠TQD=φ\angle TQD = \varphi, or, in other words, that I,QI, Q, and TT are collinear.
Let T′T' be the point of intersection of IQIQ and BCBC. Then △AIC\triangle AIC is congruent to △T′IC\triangle T'IC, since they share CICI as a common side, ∠ACI=∠T′CI\angle ACI = \angle T'CI, and
∠IT′D=2φ−∠T′QD=2φ−∠IQA=2φ−∠IXA=φ=∠IAC. \angle IT'D = 2\varphi - \angle T'QD = 2\varphi - \angle IQA = 2\varphi - \angle IXA = \varphi = \angle IAC.
Therefore, CT′=CA=CTCT' = CA = CT, which means that TT coincides with T′T' and completes the proof.

Solution 5

Solution:

Let GG be the point of intersection of ADAD and CXCX. Since the quadrilateral AXBCAXBC is cyclic, it is ∠AXC=∠ABC\angle AXC = \angle ABC.

Figure 3

Let the line ADAD meet ω\omega at KK. Then it is ∠AXK=∠CAD=∠ABC\angle AXK = \angle CAD = \angle ABC, because the angle that is formed by a chord and a tangent to the circle at an endpoint of the chord equals the inscribed angle to that chord. Therefore, ∠AXK=∠AXC=∠AXG\angle AXK = \angle AXC = \angle AXG. This means that the point GG coincides with the point KK and so GG belongs to the circle ω\omega.
Let EE be the point of intersection of the angle bisector of ∠DAB\angle DAB with BCBC. It suffices to show that
CEBE=XCXB. \frac{CE}{BE} = \frac{XC}{XB}.
Let FF be the second point of intersection of ω\omega with ABAB. Then we have ∠IAF=∠CAB2=∠IXF\angle IAF = \frac{\angle CAB}{2} = \angle IXF, where II is the incenter of ABCABC, because ∠IAF\angle IAF and ∠IXF\angle IXF are inscribed in the same arc of ω\omega. Thus △AIF\triangle AIF is isosceles with AI=IFAI = IF. Since II is the incenter of ABCABC, we have AF=2(s−a)AF = 2(s-a), where s=(a+b+c)/2s = (a+b+c)/2 is the semiperimeter of ABCABC. Also, it is CE=AC=bCE = AC = b because in triangle ACEACE, we have
∠AEC=∠ABC+∠BAE=∠ABC+∠BAD2=∠ABC+∠BAC−∠ABC2=90∘−∠ACE2 \begin{aligned} \angle AEC & = \angle ABC + \angle BAE \\ & = \angle ABC + \frac{\angle BAD}{2} \\ & = \angle ABC + \frac{\angle BAC - \angle ABC}{2} \\ & = 90^\circ - \frac{\angle ACE}{2} \end{aligned}
and so ∠CAE=180∘−∠AEC−∠ACE=90∘−∠ACE2=∠AEC\angle CAE = 180^\circ - \angle AEC - \angle ACE = 90^\circ - \frac{\angle ACE}{2} = \angle AEC. Hence
BF=BA−AF=c−2(s−a)=a−b=CB−CE=BE. BF = BA - AF = c - 2(s-a) = a - b = CB - CE = BE.
Moreover, triangle CAXCAX is similar to triangle BFXBFX, because ∠ACX=∠FBX\angle ACX = \angle FBX and
∠XFB=∠XAF+∠AXF=∠XAF+∠CAF=∠CAX \angle XFB = \angle XAF + \angle AXF = \angle XAF + \angle CAF = \angle CAX
Therefore
CEBE=ACBF=XCXB, \frac{CE}{BE} = \frac{AC}{BF} = \frac{XC}{XB},
as desired. The proof is complete.

Solution 6

Solution:

Let ω\omega denote the circle through AA and II tangent to ACAC. Let YY be the second point of intersection of the circle ω\omega with the line ADAD. Let LL be the intersection of BCBC with the angle bisector of ∠BAD\angle BAD. We will prove ∠LXC=12∠BAC=12∠BXC\angle LXC = \frac{1}{2} \angle BAC = \frac{1}{2} \angle BXC.

We will refer to the angles of ABCABC as ∠A,∠B,∠C\angle A, \angle B, \angle C. Thus ∠BAD=∠A−∠B\angle BAD = \angle A - \angle B.
On the circumcircle of ABCABC, we have ∠AXC=∠ABC=∠CAD\angle AXC = \angle ABC = \angle CAD, and since ACAC is tangent to ω\omega, we have ∠CAD=∠CAY=∠AXY\angle CAD = \angle CAY = \angle AXY. Hence C,X,YC, X, Y are collinear.
Also note that CALCAL is isosceles with ∠CAL=∠CLA=12(∠BAD)+∠ABC=12(∠A+∠B)\angle CAL = \angle CLA = \frac{1}{2}(\angle BAD) + \angle ABC = \frac{1}{2}(\angle A + \angle B) hence AC=CLAC = CL. Moreover, CICI is angle bisector to ∠ACL\angle ACL so it's the symmetry axis for the triangle, hence ∠ILC=∠IAC=12∠A\angle ILC = \angle IAC = \frac{1}{2} \angle A and ∠ALI=∠LIA=12∠B\angle ALI = \angle LIA = \frac{1}{2} \angle B. Since ACAC is tangent to ω\omega, we have ∠AYI=∠IAC=12∠A=∠LAY+∠ALI\angle AYI = \angle IAC = \frac{1}{2} \angle A = \angle LAY + \angle ALI. Hence L,Y,IL, Y, I are collinear.
Since ACAC is tangent to ω\omega, we have △CAY∼△CXA\triangle CAY \sim \triangle CXA hence CA2=CX⋅CYCA^2 = CX \cdot CY. However we proved AC=CLAC = CL hence CL2=CX⋅CYCL^2 = CX \cdot CY. Hence △CLY∼△CXL\triangle CLY \sim \triangle CXL and hence ∠CXL=∠CLY=∠CAI=12∠A\angle CXL = \angle CLY = \angle CAI = \frac{1}{2} \angle A.

Solution 7

Solution:

Let MM be the midpoint of the arc⁡BC\operatorname{arc} BC. Let ω\omega denote the circle through AA and II tangent to ACAC. Let NN be the second point of intersection of ω\omega with ABAB and LL the intersection of BCBC with the angle bisector of ∠BAD\angle BAD. We know DLLB=ADAB\frac{DL}{LB} = \frac{AD}{AB} and want to prove XBXC=LBLC\frac{XB}{XC} = \frac{LB}{LC}.

First note that CALCAL is isosceles with ∠CAL=∠CLA=12(∠BAD)+∠ABC\angle CAL = \angle CLA = \frac{1}{2}(\angle BAD) + \angle ABC hence AC=CLAC = CL and LBLC=LBAC\frac{LB}{LC} = \frac{LB}{AC}.
Now we calculate XBXC\frac{XB}{XC}:
Comparing angles on the circles ω\omega and the circumcircle of ABCABC we get △XIN∼△XMB\triangle XIN \sim \triangle XMB and hence also △XIM∼△XNB\triangle XIM \sim \triangle XNB (having equal angles at XX and proportional adjoint sides). Hence XBXM=NBIM\frac{XB}{XM} = \frac{NB}{IM}.
Also comparing angles on the circles ω\omega and the circumcircle of ABCABC and using the tangent ACAC we get △XAI∼△XCM\triangle XAI \sim \triangle XCM and hence also △XAC∼△XIM\triangle XAC \sim \triangle XIM. Hence XCXM=ACIM\frac{XC}{XM} = \frac{AC}{IM}.
Comparing the last two equations we get XBXC=NBAC\frac{XB}{XC} = \frac{NB}{AC}. Comparing with LBLC=LBAC\frac{LB}{LC} = \frac{LB}{AC}, it remains to prove NB=LBNB = LB.

Figure 4

We prove △INB≡△ILB\triangle INB \equiv \triangle ILB as follows:
First, we note that II is the circumcentre of △ALN\triangle ALN. Indeed, CICI is angle bisector in the isosceles triangle ACLACL so it's perpendicular bisector for ALAL. As well, △IAN\triangle IAN is isosceles with ∠INA=∠CAI=∠IAB\angle INA = \angle CAI = \angle IAB hence II is also on the perpendicular bisector of ANAN.
Hence IN=ILIN = IL and also ∠NIL=2∠NAL=∠A−∠B=2∠NIB\angle NIL = 2\angle NAL = \angle A - \angle B = 2\angle NIB (the last angle is calculated using that the exterior angle of △NIB\triangle NIB is ∠INA=∠A/2\angle INA = \angle A/2. Hence ∠NIB=∠LIB\angle NIB = \angle LIB and △INB≡△ILB\triangle INB \equiv \triangle ILB by SAS.

Solution 8

Solution:

Let M,NM, N be the midpoints of arcs BC,BABC, BA of the circumcircle ABCABC, respectively. Let YY be the second intersection of ADAD and circle ABCABC. Let EE be the incenter of triangle ABYABY and note that EE lies on the angle bisectors of the triangle, which are the lines YNYN (immediate), BCBC (since ∠CBY=∠CAY=∠CAD=∠ABC\angle CBY = \angle CAY = \angle CAD = \angle ABC) and the angle bisector of ∠DAB\angle DAB; so the question reduces to showing that EE is also on XMXM, which is the angle bisector of ∠CXB\angle CXB.

We claim that the three lines CX,ADY,IECX, ADY, IE are concurrent at a point D′D'. We will complete the proof using this fact, and the proof will appear at the end (and see the solution by HEL5 for an alternative proof of this fact).
To show that XEMXEM are collinear, we construct a projective transformation which projects MM to XX through center EE. We produce it as a composition of three other projections. Let OO be the intersection of lines AD′DYAD'DY and CINCIN. Projecting the points YNCMYNC M on the circle ABCABC through the (concyclic) point AA to the line CNCN yields the points ONCIONCI. Projecting these points through EE to the line AYAY yields OYDD′OYDD' (here we use the facts that D′D' lies on IEIE and AYAY). Projecting these points to the circle ABCABC through CC yields NYBXNYBX (here we use the fact that D′D' lies on CXCX). Composing, we observe that we found a projection of the circle ABCABC to itself sending YNCMYNC M to NYBXNYBX. Since the projection of the circle through EE also sends YNCYNC to NYBNYB, and three points determine a projective transformation, the projection through EE also sends MM to XX, as claimed.

Figure 5

Let B′,D′B', D' be the intersections of AB,ADAB, AD with the circle AXIAXI, respectively. We wish to show that this D′D' is the concurrency point defined above, i.e. that CD′XCD'X and ID′EID'E are collinear. Additionally, we will show that II is the circumcenter of AB′EAB'E.
Consider the inversion with center CC and radius CACA. The circles AXIAXI and ABDABD are tangent to CACA at AA (the former by definition, the latter since ∠CAD=∠ABC\angle CAD = \angle ABC), so they are preserved under the inversion. In particular, the inversion transposes DD and BB and preserves AA, so sends the circle CABCAB to the line ADAD. Thus XX, which is the second intersection of circles ABCABC and AXIAXI, is sent by the inversion to the second intersection of ADAD and circle AXIAXI, which is D′D'. In particular CD′XCD'X are collinear.
In the circle AIB′AIB', AIAI is the angle bisector of B′AB'A and the tangent at AA, so II is the midpoint of the arc AB′AB', and in particular AI=IB′AI = IB'. By angle chasing, we find that ACEACE is an isosceles triangle:
∠CAE=∠CAD+∠DAE=∠ABC+∠EAB=∠ABE+∠EAB=∠AEB=∠AEC\angle CAE = \angle CAD + \angle DAE = \angle ABC + \angle EAB = \angle ABE + \angle EAB = \angle AEB = \angle AEC,
thus the angle bisector CICI is the perpendicular bisector of AEAE and AI=IEAI = IE. Thus II is the circumcenter of AB′EAB'E.
We can now show that ID′EID'E are collinear by angle chasing:
∠EIB′=2∠EAB′=2∠EAB=∠DAB=∠D′AB′=∠D′IB′. \angle EIB' = 2\angle EAB' = 2\angle EAB = \angle DAB = \angle D'AB' = \angle D'IB'.

Solution 9

Solution:

Let WW be the midpoint of arc BCBC, let D′D' be the second intersection point of ADAD and the circle ABCABC. Let PP be the intersection of the angle bisector XWXW of ∠CXB\angle CXB with BCBC; we wish to prove that APAP is the angle bisector of DABDAB. Denote α=∠CAB2\alpha = \frac{\angle CAB}{2}, β=∠ABC\beta = \angle ABC.
Let MM be the intersection of ADAD and XCXC. Angle chasing finds:
∠MXI=∠AXI−∠AXM=∠CAI−∠AXC=α−β=∠CAI−∠CAD=∠DAI=∠MAI \begin{aligned} \angle MXI & = \angle AXI - \angle AXM = \angle CAI - \angle AXC = \alpha - \beta \\ & = \angle CAI - \angle CAD = \angle DAI = \angle MAI \end{aligned}
And in particular MM is on ω\omega. By angle chasing we find
∠XIA=∠IXA+∠XAI=∠ICA+∠XAI=∠XAC=∠XBC=∠XBP \angle XIA = \angle IXA + \angle XAI = \angle ICA + \angle XAI = \angle XAC = \angle XBC = \angle XBP
and ∠PXB=α=∠CAI=∠AXI\angle PXB = \alpha = \angle CAI = \angle AXI, and it follows that △XIA∼△XBP\triangle XIA \sim \triangle XBP. Let SS be the second intersection point of the cirumcircles of XIAXIA and XBPXBP. Then by the spiral map lemma (or by the equivalent angle chasing) it follows that ISBISB and ASPASP are collinear.
Let LL be the second intersection of ω\omega and ABAB. We want to prove that ASPASP is the angle bisector of DAB=∠MALDAB = \angle MAL, i.e. that SS is the midpoint of the arc⁡ML\operatorname{arc} ML of ω\omega. And this follows easily from chasing angular arc lengths in ω\omega:
AI = CAI = IL = IAL = MI = MXI = - AI - SL = ABI = 2\text{AI = CAI = IL = IAL = MI = MXI = - AI - SL = ABI = 2}
And thus
ML^=MI^+IL^=2α−β=2(AI^−β2)=2SL^ \widehat{ML} = \widehat{MI} + \widehat{IL} = 2\alpha - \beta = 2\left(\widehat{AI} - \frac{\beta}{2}\right) = 2\widehat{SL}

Solution 10

Solution:

Let EE be the intersection of the bisector of ∠BAD\angle BAD and BCBC, and NN be the middle point of arc BCBC of the circumcircle of ABCABC. Then it suffices to show that EE is on line XNXN.
We consider the inversion at AA. Let P∗P^* be the image of a point denoted by PP. Then A,B∗,C∗,E∗A, B^*, C^*, E^* are concyclic, X∗,B∗,C∗X^*, B^*, C^* are colinear, and X∗I∗X^* I^* and AC∗AC^* are parallel. Now it suffices to show that A,X∗,E∗,N∗A, X^*, E^*, N^* are concyclic. Let YY be the intersection of B∗C∗B^*C^* and AE∗AE^*. Then, by the power of a point, we get
A,X∗,E∗,N∗ are concyclic ⟺YX∗⋅YN∗=YA⋅YE∗⟺YX∗⋅YN∗=YB∗⋅YC∗(A,B∗,C∗,E∗ are concyclic ) \begin{aligned} A, X^*, E^*, N^* \text{ are concyclic } &\Longleftrightarrow YX^* \cdot YN^* = YA \cdot YE^* \\ &\Longleftrightarrow YX^* \cdot YN^* = YB^* \cdot YC^* \\ &\left(A, B^*, C^*, E^* \text{ are concyclic }\right) \end{aligned}
Here, by the property of inversion, we have
∠AI∗B∗=∠ABI=12∠ABC=12∠C∗AD∗. \angle AI^*B^* = \angle ABI = \frac{1}{2} \angle ABC = \frac{1}{2} \angle C^*AD^*.
Figure 6
Define Q,RQ, R as described in the figure, and we get by simple angle chasing
∠QAI∗=∠QI∗A,∠RAI∗=∠B∗I∗A \angle QAI^* = \angle QI^*A, \quad \angle RAI^* = \angle B^*I^*A
Especially, B∗RB^*R and AI∗AI^* are parallel, so that we have
YB∗YN∗=YRYA=YX∗YC∗ \frac{YB^*}{YN^*} = \frac{YR}{YA} = \frac{YX^*}{YC^*}
and the proof is completed.

Want a route through all this instead of an archive? The track puts 2,604 problems in a working order, from Junior Challenge level to the IMO shortlist.

Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.