Let be the circum-circle of a triangle . Suppose a circle with its center at a point is tangent to the line segment at a point , and is tangent to the arc (not containing ) at a point . If , show that must be satisfied.
Solution
If , then both of the points lie on the bisector of the angle , and we get ; so the assertion is valid in this case.
Let us assume in the sequel that . Let be the circle with as its center and tangent to the line at the point and tangent to the circle at the point . We also denote by (, respectively) the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment and the circle and lying on the same side (opposite side, respectively) as the point with respect to the line . Then, since the arc has the same length as the arc , we have . By the assumption for the problem, we also have , and therefore, the arcs of the circle which subtend these angles must have the same length. This means that the three points and must be collinear. We also see that if we denote by the center of the circle , then the three points and are also collinear, since the circles and are tangent at the point .
Next, we show that the three points and are also collinear. Let us denote by the point of intersection of the line segment and the circle . Then we see that
Therefore, the line segment must be parallel to the line segment , and since , we must have . This means that the point on must coincide with the point of the tangency of with . Thus, we see that the three points and are collinear. Furthermore, we see that hold. We also have , as they are subtended by the same arc of the circle , and therefore, . It then follows
that the four points A, P, O, Q must lie on the same circle, which in turn implies that , as these two angles are subtended by the same arc PO of that circle. As , as we saw above, we finally obtain that , proving the assertion of the problem.