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Geometry Difficulty 6.3 National Olympiad Prove it Japan

Let Γ\Gamma be the circum-circle of a triangle ABC\triangle ABC. Suppose a circle with its center at a point OO is tangent to the line segment BCBC at a point PP, and is tangent to the arc BCBC (not containing AA) at a point QQ. If BAO=CAO\angle BAO = \angle CAO, show that PAO=QAO\angle PAO = \angle QAO must be satisfied.

Solution

If AB=ACAB = AC, then both of the points P,QP, Q lie on the bisector of the angle BAC\angle BAC, and we get PAO=QAO=0\angle PAO = \angle QAO = 0^\circ; so the assertion is valid in this case.

Let us assume in the sequel that ABACAB \ne AC. Let γ\gamma be the circle with OO as its center and tangent to the line BCBC at the point PP and tangent to the circle Γ\Gamma at the point QQ. We also denote by PP' (MM, respectively) the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment BCBC and the circle Γ\Gamma and lying on the same side (opposite side, respectively) as the point AA with respect to the line BCBC. Then, since the arc BMBM has the same length as the arc MCMC, we have BPM=CPM\angle BP'M = \angle CP'M. By the assumption for the problem, we also have BAO=CAO\angle BAO = \angle CAO, and therefore, the arcs of the circle Γ\Gamma which subtend these angles must have the same length. This means that the three points A,OA, O and MM must be collinear. We also see that if we denote by OO' the center of the circle Γ\Gamma, then the three points Q,OQ, O and OO' are also collinear, since the circles Γ\Gamma and γ\gamma are tangent at the point QQ.

Next, we show that the three points P,PP', P and QQ are also collinear. Let us denote by RR the point of intersection of the line segment PQP'Q and the circle γ\gamma. Then we see that
MPR=OPQ=OQR=ORQ. \angle MP'R = \angle O'P'Q = \angle O'QR = \angle ORQ.
Therefore, the line segment OROR must be parallel to the line segment MPMP', and since MPBCMP' \perp BC, we must have ORBCOR \perp BC. This means that the point RR on γ\gamma must coincide with the point PP of the tangency of γ\gamma with BCBC. Thus, we see that the three points P,PP', P and QQ are collinear. Furthermore, we see that QPM=PQO=QPO\angle QP'M = \angle PQO = \angle QPO hold. We also have QAO=QPM\angle QAO = \angle QP'M, as they are subtended by the same arc QMQM of the circle Γ\Gamma, and therefore, QAO=QPO\angle QAO = \angle QPO. It then follows

that the four points A, P, O, Q must lie on the same circle, which in turn implies that PQO=PAO\angle PQO = \angle PAO, as these two angles are subtended by the same arc PO of that circle. As PQO=QPO=QAO\angle PQO = \angle QPO = \angle QAO, as we saw above, we finally obtain that PAO=QAO\angle PAO = \angle QAO, proving the assertion of the problem.

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