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Combinatorics Difficulty 6.3 National olympiad Prove it Ukraine

What is the maximum possible number of edges in a graph with 2n2n vertices, if there is exactly one way to divide its vertices into nn pairs such that in each pair the vertices are connected by an edge?

Solution

Consider this partition into pairs, denote the vertices A1,A2,...,A2nA_1, A_2, ..., A_{2n} where the vertices A2i1,A2iA_{2i-1}, A_{2i} are connected by an edge for each ii from 11 to nn. Note that for every two pairs (A2i1,A2i)(A_{2i-1}, A_{2i}), (A2j1,A2j)(A_{2j-1}, A_{2j}), there are at most two edges between them: there cannot be two edges (A2i1,A2j1)(A_{2i-1}, A_{2j-1}), (A2i,A2j)(A_{2i}, A_{2j}), as then we could replace the chosen edges with these and still get a perfect pairing, and also the edges (A2i1,A2j)(A_{2i-1}, A_{2j}), (A2i,A2j1)(A_{2i}, A_{2j-1}). Thus, there can be no more than n+2Cn2=n2n + 2 \cdot C_n^2 = n^2 edges in total.

The example looks like this: we draw all the edges of the form (A2i1,A2i)(A_{2i-1}, A_{2i}), and also for each i<ji < j draw the edges (A2i1,A2j1)(A_{2i-1}, A_{2j-1}), (A2i1,A2j)(A_{2i-1}, A_{2j}). Consider any perfect pairing in this graph. Notice that the vertex A2A_2 is connected only to A1A_1 so it must have an edge (A1,A2)(A_1, A_2). Among the remaining vertices, the vertex A4A_4 is connected only to A3A_3 so there must be an edge in the pairing (A3,A4)(A_3, A_4). Continuing similarly, all edges (A2i1,A2i)(A_{2i-1}, A_{2i}) will be in this pairing.

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