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Number theory Difficulty 8.0 Shortlist Prove it Romania

Let n2n \ge 2 be a natural number and let a1,a2,,ana_1, a_2, \dots, a_n be nonzero integers such that a1+a2++an=a1a2ana_1 + a_2 + \dots + a_n = a_1 a_2 \dots a_n.
Prove that the number (a121)(a221)(an21)(a_1^2 - 1)(a_2^2 - 1)\dots(a_n^2 - 1) is a perfect square.

Solution

For n=2n=2, we have a1+a2=a1a2a_1+a_2 = a_1 a_2, which rewrites as (a11)(a21)=1(a_1-1)(a_2-1) = 1. We get a1=2,a2=2a_1 = 2, a_2 = 2, so (a121)(a221)=9(a_1^2 - 1)(a_2^2 - 1) = 9.

a1a2an=a1+a2++ana1+a2++an. |a_1 a_2 \dots a_n| = |a_1 + a_2 + \dots + a_n| \le |a_1| + |a_2| + \dots + |a_n|.
Dividing by a1a2an>0|a_1 a_2 \dots a_n| > 0 we obtain
1a1a1a2an+a2a1a2an++ana1a2an. 1 \le \frac{|a_1|}{|a_1 a_2 \cdots a_n|} + \frac{|a_2|}{|a_1 a_2 \cdots a_n|} + \dots + \frac{|a_n|}{|a_1 a_2 \cdots a_n|}.
If all the numbers have absolute value greater than or equal to 22, then the right-hand side of the above inequality is less than or equal to n2n1\frac{n}{2^{n-1}}, i.e., 2n1n2^{n-1} \le n.
For n3n \ge 3, we obtain (by induction or using Bernoulli's inequality) that 2n1>n2^{n-1} > n, which contradicts the previous inequality.
Therefore, at least one of the numbers has absolute value 11, which implies (a121)(a221)(an21)=0(a_1^2 - 1)(a_2^2 - 1)\dots(a_n^2 - 1) = 0, a perfect square.

Remark. For every n3n \ge 3, there exist numbers satisfying the condition in the statement, for example
1+1++1n2 times+2+n=111n2 times2n. \underbrace{1+1+\dots+1}_{n-2 \text{ times}}+2+n = \underbrace{1 \cdot 1 \dots 1}_{n-2 \text{ times}} \cdot 2 \cdot n.

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