Let be a natural number and let be nonzero integers such that .
Prove that the number is a perfect square.
Solution
For , we have , which rewrites as . We get , so .
Dividing by we obtain
If all the numbers have absolute value greater than or equal to , then the right-hand side of the above inequality is less than or equal to , i.e., .
For , we obtain (by induction or using Bernoulli's inequality) that , which contradicts the previous inequality.
Therefore, at least one of the numbers has absolute value , which implies , a perfect square.
Remark. For every , there exist numbers satisfying the condition in the statement, for example
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