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Cesenatico

Geometry Difficulty 6.6 National Olympiad Prove it Italy

Problem:

Let ABCDABCD be a convex quadrilateral. Let PP be the intersection of the external bisectors of DA^CD\widehat{A}C and DB^CD\widehat{B}C.
Prove that AP^D=BP^CA\widehat{P}D = B\widehat{P}C if and only if AD+AC=BC+BDAD + AC = BC + BD.

[Note: Recall that the external bisector of an angle is the line passing through the vertex of the angle and perpendicular to the internal bisector (i.e. the usual bisector) of the angle itself.]

Solution

Solution:

Let us call rr and ss respectively the external bisectors of DA^CD\widehat{A}C and DB^CD\widehat{B}C. Let us construct the points C′C' and D′D' respectively as the reflection of CC with respect to ss and as the reflection of DD with respect to rr. Since rr is the external bisector, we have that C′,BC', B and DD are collinear and moreover by construction C′B=CBC'B = CB; hence C′D=C′B+BD=BC+BDC'D = C'B + BD = BC + BD. In the same way D′C=AD+ACD'C = AD + AC. Let us now call β=BP^C\beta = B\widehat{P}C which is equal by construction to BP^C′B\widehat{P}C', and in the same way α=AP^D=AP^D′\alpha = A\widehat{P}D = A\widehat{P}D'. Finally let us call γ=CP^D\gamma = C\widehat{P}D.

Figure 1

Let us now consider the triangles C′PDC'PD and CPD′CPD'. We have by construction PD′=PDPD' = PD and PC′=PCPC' = PC; therefore the two triangles are equal if and only if the two angles at PP are equal or, equivalently, if and only if the third side is equal. But the first condition says that C′P^D=2β+γ=2α+γ=CP^D′C'\widehat{P}D = 2\beta + \gamma = 2\alpha + \gamma = C\widehat{P}D', which is equivalent to α=β\alpha = \beta, while the second condition says that CD′=C′DCD' = C'D which, by what was shown above, is equivalent to AD+AC=BC+BDAD + AC = BC + BD.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement translated into English from it; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.