Maths Olympiad Prep

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Number theory Difficulty 5.8 AIME, harder Prove it United States

Problem:

Tim has a working analog 12-hour clock with two hands that run continuously (instead of, say, jumping on the minute). He also has a clock that runs really slow—at half the correct rate, to be exact. At noon one day, both clocks happen to show the exact time. At any given instant, the hands on each clock form an angle between 00^{\circ} and 180180^{\circ} inclusive. At how many times during that day are the angles on the two clocks equal?

Solution

Solution:

A tricky thing about this problem may be that the angles on the two clocks might be reversed and would still count as being the same (for example, both angles could be 9090^{\circ}, but the hour hand may be ahead of the minute hand on one clock and behind on the other).

Let xx, 12x<12-12 \leq x < 12, denote the number of hours since noon. If we take 00^{\circ} to mean upwards to the "XII" and count angles clockwise, then the hour and minute hands of the correct clock are at 30x30x^{\circ} and 360x360x^{\circ}, and those of the slow clock are at 15x15x^{\circ} and 180x180x^{\circ}. The two angles are thus 330x330x^{\circ} and 165x165x^{\circ}, of course after removing multiples of 360360^{\circ} and possibly flipping sign; we are looking for solutions to
330x165x(mod360) or 330x165x(mod360) 330x^{\circ} \equiv 165x^{\circ} \pmod{360^{\circ}} \text{ or } 330x^{\circ} \equiv -165x^{\circ} \pmod{360^{\circ}}
In other words,
360165x or 360495x. 360 \mid 165x \text{ or } 360 \mid 495x.
Or, better yet,
165360x=1124x and/or 495360x=118x \frac{165}{360}x = \frac{11}{24}x \text{ and/or } \frac{495}{360}x = \frac{11}{8}x
must be an integer. Now xx is any real number in the range [12,12)[-12, 12), so 11x/811x/8 ranges in [16.5,16.5)[-16.5, 16.5), an interval that contains 33 integers. For any value of xx such that 11x/2411x/24 is an integer, of course 11x/8=3×(11x/24)11x/8 = 3 \times (11x/24) is also an integer, so the answer is just 33.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.