Suppose x, y and z are positive numbers such that 1=2xyz+xy+yz+zx.(1) Prove that (i)43≤xy+yz+zx<1; (ii)xyz≤81. Using (i) or otherwise, deduce that x+y+z≥23,(2) and derive the case of equality in (2).
Solution
First approach. Suppose that the LHS of (i) is false for some triple of positive numbers a, b, c that satisfy (1), so that 1=2abc+ab+bc+ca, but ab+bc+ca<3/4. Then, by the AM-GM inequality, abc=(ab)(bc)(ca)=(3(ab)(bc)(ca))3/2≤(3ab+bc+ca)3/2<(41)3/2=81, whence 2abc+ab+bc+ca<82+43=1, in contradiction to our assumption. Hence, (i) holds, and (ii) now follows as an immediate consequence, because from (i) and (1) we see that 2xyz=1−(xy+yz+zx)≤1−43=41⟺xyz≤81.
Second approach. The proof of the LHS of (i) can be done directly as follows. By the AM-GM inequality, xyz=(3(xy)(yz)(zx))3/2≤(3xy+yz+zx)3/2, and so, with t=(xy+yz+zx)/3, we have that 1=2xyz+xy+yz+zx≤2t3/2+3t⟺1≤2(t)3+3(t)2, i.e., letting s=t, r=2s 1≤2s3+3s2⟺4≤r3+3r2⟺0≤(r−1)(r+2)2⟺r≥1. Thus, t≥1/4, i.e., xy+yz+zx≥3/4, as claimed.
Here is a direct way to prove (ii). By the AM-GM inequality, xy+yz+zx≥33(xy)(yz)(zx)=3(xyz)2/3=3s2(where s=3xyz). Hence 1=2xyz+xy+yz+zx≥2s3+3s2 and this is equivalent to 0≥2(s3+1)+3(s2−1)=(s+1)2(2s−1)⟺2s≤1. Equivalently, xyz=s3≤1/8. Again, (i) follows from this.
To prove (2), note that (x+y+z)2≥3(xy+yz+zx)≥49⟺x+y+z≥23, with equality iff 49=(x+y+z)2=3(xy+yz+zx), i.e., x+y+z=3/2, and x=y=z, i.e., x=y=z=1/2.
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