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Algebra Difficulty 6.6 National olympiad Prove it Ireland

Suppose xx, yy and zz are positive numbers such that
1=2xyz+xy+yz+zx.(1) 1 = 2xyz + xy + yz + zx. \tag{1}
Prove that
(i)34xy+yz+zx<1; (i) \quad \frac{3}{4} \le xy + yz + zx < 1;
(ii)xyz18. (ii) \quad xyz \le \frac{1}{8}.
Using (i) or otherwise, deduce that
x+y+z32,(2) x + y + z \ge \frac{3}{2}, \tag{2}
and derive the case of equality in (2).

Solution

First approach. Suppose that the LHS of (i) is false for some triple of positive numbers aa, bb, cc that satisfy (1), so that 1=2abc+ab+bc+ca1 = 2abc + ab + bc + ca, but ab+bc+ca<3/4ab + bc + ca < 3/4. Then, by the AM-GM inequality,
abc=(ab)(bc)(ca)=((ab)(bc)(ca)3)3/2(ab+bc+ca3)3/2<(14)3/2=18, \begin{aligned} abc &= \sqrt{(ab)(bc)(ca)} = (\sqrt[3]{(ab)(bc)(ca)})^{3/2} \\ &\leq \left( \frac{ab + bc + ca}{3} \right)^{3/2} < \left( \frac{1}{4} \right)^{3/2} = \frac{1}{8}, \end{aligned}
whence 2abc+ab+bc+ca<28+34=1,2abc + ab + bc + ca < \frac{2}{8} + \frac{3}{4} = 1,
in contradiction to our assumption. Hence, (i) holds, and (ii) now follows as an immediate consequence, because from (i) and (1) we see that
2xyz=1(xy+yz+zx)134=14    xyz18. 2xyz = 1 - (xy + yz + zx) \le 1 - \frac{3}{4} = \frac{1}{4} \iff xyz \le \frac{1}{8}.

Second approach. The proof of the LHS of (i) can be done directly as follows. By the AM-GM inequality,
xyz=((xy)(yz)(zx)3)3/2(xy+yz+zx3)3/2, xyz = \left( \sqrt[3]{(xy)(yz)(zx)} \right)^{3/2} \le \left( \frac{xy + yz + zx}{3} \right)^{3/2},
and so, with t=(xy+yz+zx)/3t = (xy + yz + zx)/3, we have that
1=2xyz+xy+yz+zx2t3/2+3t    12(t)3+3(t)2, 1 = 2xyz + xy + yz + zx \le 2t^{3/2} + 3t \iff 1 \le 2(\sqrt{t})^3 + 3(\sqrt{t})^2,
i.e., letting s=ts = \sqrt{t}, r=2sr = 2s
12s3+3s2    4r3+3r2    0(r1)(r+2)2    r1. 1 \le 2s^3 + 3s^2 \iff 4 \le r^3 + 3r^2 \iff 0 \le (r-1)(r+2)^2 \iff r \ge 1.
Thus, t1/4t \ge 1/4, i.e., xy+yz+zx3/4xy + yz + zx \ge 3/4, as claimed.

Here is a direct way to prove (ii). By the AM-GM inequality,
xy+yz+zx3(xy)(yz)(zx)3=3(xyz)2/3=3s2(where s=xyz3). xy + yz + zx \ge 3\sqrt[3]{(xy)(yz)(zx)} = 3(xyz)^{2/3} = 3s^2 \quad (\text{where } s = \sqrt[3]{xyz}).
Hence 1=2xyz+xy+yz+zx2s3+3s21 = 2xyz + xy + yz + zx \ge 2s^3 + 3s^2 and this is equivalent to
02(s3+1)+3(s21)=(s+1)2(2s1)    2s1. 0 \ge 2(s^3 + 1) + 3(s^2 - 1) = (s+1)^2(2s-1) \iff 2s \le 1.
Equivalently, xyz=s31/8xyz = s^3 \le 1/8. Again, (i) follows from this.

To prove (2), note that
(x+y+z)23(xy+yz+zx)94    x+y+z32, (x + y + z)^2 \geq 3(xy + yz + zx) \geq \frac{9}{4} \iff x + y + z \geq \frac{3}{2},
with equality iff
94=(x+y+z)2=3(xy+yz+zx), \frac{9}{4} = (x + y + z)^2 = 3(xy + yz + zx),
i.e., x+y+z=3/2x + y + z = 3/2, and x=y=zx = y = z, i.e., x=y=z=1/2x = y = z = 1/2.

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