Problem:
Let be finite sets of size and let be finite sets of size such that if and only if . Find the maximum value of .
, 2013
Solution
Solution:
Answer:
In general, we will show that if each of the sets contain elements and if each of the sets contain elements, then the maximum value for is .
Let denote the union of all the sets and and let . Consider the orderings of the elements of . Note that for any specific ordering, there is at most one value of such that all the elements in come before all the elements in in this ordering; this follows since shares at least one element with and shares at least one element with for any other .
On the other hand, the number of ways to permute the elements in so that all the elements in come first is equal to . Therefore, the number of permutations of where all the elements in come before all the elements in is equal to:
Summing over all values of , the total number of orderings where, for some , the elements in come before is equal to
But there are at most such orderings, since there are total orderings, so it follows that . Equality is attained by taking to be a set containing elements, letting range over all -element subsets of , and letting for each .