Maths Olympiad Prep

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, 2013

Combinatorics Difficulty 5.2 AIME, harder Prove it United States

Problem:
Let A1,A2,,AmA_{1}, A_{2}, \ldots, A_{m} be finite sets of size 20122012 and let B1,B2,,BmB_{1}, B_{2}, \ldots, B_{m} be finite sets of size 20132013 such that AiBj=A_{i} \cap B_{j} = \emptyset if and only if i=ji = j. Find the maximum value of mm.

Solution

Solution:
Answer: (40252012)\binom{4025}{2012}

In general, we will show that if each of the sets AiA_{i} contain aa elements and if each of the sets BjB_{j} contain bb elements, then the maximum value for mm is (a+ba)\binom{a+b}{a}.

Let UU denote the union of all the sets AiA_{i} and BjB_{j} and let U=n|U| = n. Consider the n!n! orderings of the elements of UU. Note that for any specific ordering, there is at most one value of ii such that all the elements in AiA_{i} come before all the elements in BiB_{i} in this ordering; this follows since AjA_{j} shares at least one element with BiB_{i} and BjB_{j} shares at least one element with AiA_{i} for any other jij \neq i.

On the other hand, the number of ways to permute the (a+b)(a+b) elements in AiBiA_{i} \cup B_{i} so that all the elements in AiA_{i} come first is equal to a!b!a!b!. Therefore, the number of permutations of UU where all the elements in AiA_{i} come before all the elements in BiB_{i} is equal to:
n!a!b!(a+b)!=n!(a+ba) n! \cdot \frac{a!b!}{(a+b)!} = \frac{n!}{\binom{a+b}{a}}
Summing over all mm values of ii, the total number of orderings where, for some ii, the elements in AiA_{i} come before BiB_{i} is equal to
n!m(a+ba) \frac{n! m}{\binom{a+b}{a}}
But there are at most n!n! such orderings, since there are n!n! total orderings, so it follows that m(a+ba)m \leq \binom{a+b}{a}. Equality is attained by taking UU to be a set containing (a+b)(a+b) elements, letting AiA_{i} range over all aa-element subsets of UU, and letting Bi=UAiB_{i} = U \setminus A_{i} for each ii.

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