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Combinatorics Difficulty 6.7 National olympiad Prove it Ukraine

Numbers from 11 to 20072007 are arbitrarily written down in strip cells. Two players by turns mark cells of this strip. That player after whose move there are such two natural numbers m<nm < n loses that the sum of numbers of all noted cells from mm to nn divides by 20082008. Prove that there is at least one thousand initial orders of numbers in cells, such that for any non-negative integer iji \le j: the sum of numbers of cells with numbers i,i+1,,ji, i+1, \dots, j does not divide by 20082008 at which the first player has a winning strategy.

Solution

Let in a cell with number nn number ana_n is written down. We will consider such sequence (an)(a_n): a2k1=2k1a_{2k-1} = 2k-1, k=1,1004k = \overline{1,1004}, a2k=20082ka_{2k} = 2008 - 2k, k=1,1003k = \overline{1,1003}. We will prove that such placing approaches us. Let Sn=a1+a2++anS_n = a_1 + a_2 + \dots + a_n. Then S2k=2007kS_{2k} = 2007k, k=1,1003k = \overline{1,1003}, S2k1=S2k2+a2k1=2009k2008S_{2k-1} = S_{2k-2} + a_{2k-1} = 2009k - 2008, k=1,1004k = \overline{1,1004}. And as S2k12007k(mod2008)S_{2k-1} \equiv -2007k \pmod{2008}, from equality SnSM(mod2008)S_n \equiv S_M \pmod{2008} follows that m=nm = n. Therefore the sequence (an)(a_n) satisfies the condition that for any non-negative integer numbers ii and jj such that 1i<j20071 \le i < j \le 2007, the sum of numbers of cells i,i+1,,ji, i+1, \dots, j does not divide by 20082008.

Now we will describe a winning strategy for the first player. The first move he marks a cell with number 10041004. Further, if the second player moves in the cell with number ii, the first player moves into the cell with number 2008i2008-i. As the sum of numbers with numbers ii and 2008i2008-i is equal to 20082008 for all i=1,2007i = \overline{1,2007}, it is easy to see that the described strategy for the first player is winning.

We will show how from this sequence to receive 999999 more other sequences which also satisfy the statement of the problem. Let (l,2008)=1(l, 2008) = 1. We put bn=lan(mod2008)b_n = l \cdot a_n \pmod{2008}, n=1,2007n = \overline{1,2007}. Then the sequence (bn)(b_n) obviously satisfies the condition that i,jN:1i<j2007\forall i, j \in \mathbb{N}: 1 \le i < j \le 2007, the sum of numbers of cells i,i+1,,ji, i+1, \dots, j does not divide by 20082008. On the other hand, the strategy of the first player does not change. It is obvious that for different l=1,2007l = \overline{1,2007}, we receive different sequences (bn)(b_n). Therefore, we receive φ(2008)=1000\varphi(2008) = 1000 sequences.

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