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Number theory Difficulty 6.6 National olympiad Prove it Mongolia

Let I={1,2,3,...,2n}I = \{1, 2, 3, ..., 2n\}. Is it possible to set II divide into A,BA, B two subsets with following properties?
(i) A={a1,a2,...,an},B={b1,b2,...,bn}A = \{a_1, a_2, ..., a_n\}, B = \{b_1, b_2, ..., b_n\}
(ii) AB=I,AB=A \cup B = I, A \cap B = \emptyset
(iii) The number of divisors of (a1+b1)(a2+b2)...(an+bn)(a_1+b_1)(a_2+b_2)...(a_n+b_n) is less than or equal to 2n2^n.
(proposed by Bat. Bayarjargal)

Solution

By the induction method we will show that divide in to two subset A,BA, B such that ai+bia_i + b_i is prime number for i1,ni|1, n.
If n=1n = 1 then {1,2}={1}{2}\{1, 2\} = \{1\} \cup \{2\}, 1+2=31 + 2 = 3 is prime number and {1}{2}=\{1\} \cap \{2\} = \emptyset. Assume now that the result is proved for 1,2,3,...,n11, 2, 3, ..., n - 1. Now we will show that for nn.
By well known Bertrand's postulate there exists prime number pp such that 2n<p<4n2n < p < 4n. Because of p>2n2p > 2n \ge 2 then pp-odd prime number. Thus p=2n+mp = 2n + m, mm-odd positive integer. Now consider
(2n,m);(2n1,m+1);(2n+m+12,2n+m12) (2n, m); (2n - 1, m + 1); \dots \left( \frac{2n + m + 1}{2}, \frac{2n + m - 1}{2} \right)
pairs and those pair's two numbers sum is p=2n+mp = 2n + m. For other remaining numbers are 1,2,...,m11, 2, ..., m - 1 get new set that is {1,2,...,m1}\{1, 2, ..., m - 1\}, which is by the induction method dividing into two subsets. Because m1m - 1 is even number. Thus the set {1,2,3,...,2n}\{1, 2, 3, ..., 2n\} dividing into two subsets.

Let (a1+b1)...(an+bn)=p1α1p2α2...psαs(a_1 + b_1)...(a_n + b_n) = p_1^{\alpha_1} p_2^{\alpha_2}...p_s^{\alpha_s}, α1+...+αs=n\alpha_1 + ... + \alpha_s = n, αiN\alpha_i \in \mathbb{N}.
Hence the number of divisors of (a1+b1)...(an+bn)(a_1 + b_1)...(a_n + b_n) is N:=(α1+1)...(αs+1)N := (\alpha_1 + 1)...(\alpha_s + 1).

If αj=1\alpha_j = 1 for some jj then
N=2(α1+1)(α2+1)...(αj1+1)(αj+1+1)...(αs+1). N = 2 \cdot (\alpha_1 + 1)(\alpha_2 + 1)...(\alpha_{j-1} + 1)(\alpha_{j+1} + 1)...(\alpha_s + 1).
So we need to prove that following inequality
(αj+1)αj+12n1. \frac{\prod (\alpha_j + 1)}{\alpha_j + 1} \le 2^{n-1}.

This inequality is same as property (iii). Hence we can assume that αj+1\alpha_j + 1 for arbitrary i{1,2,...,s}i \in \{1, 2, ..., s\}. Using the Cauchy's inequality, we get that
i=1s(αi+1)(i=1s(αi+1)s)s=(n+ss)s. \prod_{i=1}^{s} (\alpha_i + 1) \le \left( \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{s} (\alpha_i + 1)}{s} \right)^{s} = \left( \frac{n + s}{s} \right)^{s}.

Let us consider f(x)=(n+xx)xf(x) = (\frac{n+x}{x})^x function on R\mathbb{R}.
Taking derivative, we get that
f(x)=(1+nx)xln(1+nx)nx(1+nx)n1==(1+nx)x1((1+nx)ln(1+nx)nx). \begin{align*} f'(x) &= (1 + \frac{n}{x})^x \ln(1 + \frac{n}{x}) - \frac{n}{x}(1 + \frac{n}{x})^{n-1} = \\ &= (1 + \frac{n}{x})^{x-1} \cdot \left( (1 + \frac{n}{x}) \ln(1 + \frac{n}{x}) - \frac{n}{x} \right). \end{align*}

Observe that xn2nx2x \le \frac{n}{2} \Leftrightarrow \frac{n}{x} \ge 2. So ln(1+nx)ln3>1\ln(1 + \frac{n}{x}) \ge \ln 3 > 1, thus we concluded that (1+nx)ln(1+nx)nx>1>0(1 + \frac{n}{x}) \ln(1 + \frac{n}{x}) - \frac{n}{x} > 1 > 0. So ff is increasing function on (0;n/2](0; n/2]. Finally, the f(x)f(x) function get maximum value the point x=n2x = \frac{n}{2}. Hence we can see that f(n2)=3n/2<2nf(\frac{n}{2}) = 3^{n/2} < 2^n. Proof is completed.

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