Maths Olympiad Prep

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Combinatorics Difficulty 5.3 AIME, harder Prove it Soviet Union

Problem:
Given n>1n > 1 points, some pairs joined by an edge (an edge never joins a point to itself). Given any two distinct points you can reach one from the other in just one way by moving along edges. Prove that there are n1n - 1 edges.

Solution

Solution:
Every point must have at least one edge. We show that there is a point with just one edge. Suppose the contrary, that every point has at least two edges. We now construct a path in which the same edge or point never appears twice. Starting from any point bb, move along an edge to cc. cc is not already on the path, because otherwise the edge would join bb to itself. Now suppose we have reached a point xx not previously on the path. xx has at least two edges, so it must have another one besides the one we used to reach it. Suppose this joins xx to yy. If yy is already on the path, then we have two distinct ways of moving along edges from xx to yy: directly, or by backtracking along the path from xx to yy. But this is impossible, so yy is not already on the path and we may extend the path to it. But this procedure allows us to construct a path containing more than the nn distinct points available. Contradiction.

The result is now easy. Induction on nn. Take a point with just one edge. Remove it and the edge. Then the remaining n1n - 1 points satisfy the premise and hence have just n2n - 2 edges.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.