Maths Olympiad Prep

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Geometry Difficulty 5.2 AIME, harder Prove it United States

Problem:
Let AnA_{n} be the area outside a regular nn-gon of side length 11 but inside its circumscribed circle, let BnB_{n} be the area inside the nn-gon but outside its inscribed circle. Find the limit as nn tends to infinity of AnBn\frac{A_{n}}{B_{n}}.

Solution

Solution:
The radius of the inscribed circle is 12cotπn\frac{1}{2} \cot \frac{\pi}{n}, the radius of the circumscribed circle is 12cscπn\frac{1}{2} \csc \frac{\pi}{n}, and the area of the nn-gon is n4cotπn\frac{n}{4} \cot \frac{\pi}{n}. The diagram below should help you verify that these are correct.

Figure 1

Then An=π(12cscπn)2n4cotπnA_{n} = \pi \left( \frac{1}{2} \csc \frac{\pi}{n} \right)^{2} - \frac{n}{4} \cot \frac{\pi}{n}, and Bn=n4cotπnπ(12cotπn)2B_{n} = \frac{n}{4} \cot \frac{\pi}{n} - \pi \left( \frac{1}{2} \cot \frac{\pi}{n} \right)^{2}, so
AnBn=π(cscπn)2ncotπnncotπnπ(cotπn)2 \frac{A_{n}}{B_{n}} = \frac{\pi \left( \csc \frac{\pi}{n} \right)^{2} - n \cot \frac{\pi}{n}}{n \cot \frac{\pi}{n} - \pi \left( \cot \frac{\pi}{n} \right)^{2}}
Let ss denote sinπn\sin \frac{\pi}{n} and cc denote cosπn\cos \frac{\pi}{n}. Multiply numerator and denominator by s2s^{2} to get
AnBnπncsncsπc2 \frac{A_{n}}{B_{n}} \sim \frac{\pi - n c s}{n c s - \pi c^{2}}
Now use Taylor series to replace ss by πn(πn)36+\frac{\pi}{n} - \frac{\left( \frac{\pi}{n} \right)^{3}}{6} + \ldots and cc by 1(πn)22+1 - \frac{\left( \frac{\pi}{n} \right)^{2}}{2} + \ldots. By l'Hôpital's rule it will suffice to take just enough terms so that the highest power of nn in the numerator and denominator is determined, and that turns out to be n2n^{-2} in each case. In particular, we get the limit
AnBn=πnπn+n23(πn)3+nπnn23(πn)3π+π(πn)2+=23π3n2+13π3n2+2 \frac{A_{n}}{B_{n}} = \frac{\pi - n \frac{\pi}{n} + n \frac{2}{3} \left( \frac{\pi}{n} \right)^{3} + \ldots}{n \frac{\pi}{n} - n \frac{2}{3} \left( \frac{\pi}{n} \right)^{3} - \pi + \pi \left( \frac{\pi}{n} \right)^{2} + \ldots} = \frac{\frac{2}{3} \frac{\pi^{3}}{n^{2}} + \ldots}{\frac{1}{3} \frac{\pi^{3}}{n^{2}} + \ldots} \rightarrow \mathbf{2}

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.