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India — Team Selection Test, 2012

Algebra Difficulty 5.0 AIME Prove it India

Let a≥ba \ge b and c≥dc \ge d be real numbers. Prove that the equation
(x+a)(x+d)+(x+b)(x+c)=0 (x + a)(x + d) + (x + b)(x + c) = 0
has real roots.

Solution

Let f(x)=(x+a)(x+d)+(x+b)(x+c)f(x) = (x + a)(x + d) + (x + b)(x + c). The leading coefficient of f(x)f(x) is 22. Hence f(x)f(x) is positive for large values of xx. We have
f(−a)+f(−b)=(b−a)(c−a)+(a−b)(d−b)=(a−b)(−c+a+d−b),f(−c)+f(−d)=(a−c)(d−c)+(b−d)(c−d)=(c−d)(−a+c+b−d). \begin{aligned} f(-a) + f(-b) &= (b-a)(c-a) + (a-b)(d-b) = (a-b)(-c+a+d-b), \\ f(-c) + f(-d) &= (a-c)(d-c) + (b-d)(c-d) = (c-d)(-a+c+b-d). \end{aligned}
We know that a≥ba \ge b and c≥dc \ge d. If f(−a)+f(−b)≤0f(-a) + f(-b) \le 0, then we are done; then either f(−a)≤0f(-a) \le 0 or f(−b)≤0f(-b) \le 0 so that f(x)f(x) crosses the xx-axis at some point. Otherwise −c+a+d−b>0-c+a+d-b > 0. This implies that −a+c+b−d<0-a+c+b-d < 0. But then
f(−c)+f(−d)=(c−d)(−a+c+b−d)≤0. f(-c) + f(-d) = (c - d)(-a + c + b - d) \le 0.
We conclude that either f(−c)≤0f(-c) \le 0 or f(−d)≤0f(-d) \le 0. Again f(x)f(x) crosses the xx-axis somewhere.

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