Number theoryDifficulty 5.7AIME, harderProve itMongolia
Let n≥3 be a given integer, and S≥1 be a multiple of 10n−3. Suppose that the decimal expansion of S has m digits and 2n−1>m>n. Show that S has at least 3 different digits. (Bayarmagnai Gombodorj)
Solution
Assume to the contrary that there exists an integer A=am…a1 such that am…a1 has at most 2 different digits and d∣A, where d denotes 10n−3. Consider S=an…a1+3×am…an+1 which exists since m>n. It follows from d∣A that d∣S. Moreover, the assumption that 2n−2≥m yields S≤10n−1+3×(10n−2−1)<2d and so we must have an…a1+3×am…an+1=10n−3.(0.1) Hence a1+3an+1≡7(mod10) and consequently, a1=an+1. Observe that an…a1=d−3×am…an+1>d−3×(10n−2−1)>9×10n−1, which implies an=9. Thus 9∈{a1,an+1} by the assumption on A. If an+1=9 then a1=0 and so A is divisible by 9, contradicting to (0.1). If a1=9 then an+1=6, giving a similar contradiction.
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