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IMO Team Selection Test 3

Algebra Difficulty 7.8 National Olympiad, round 2 Prove it Netherlands

Find all functions f:R→Rf: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R} satisfying
f(x+yf(x+y))=y2+f(x)f(y) f(x + y f(x + y)) = y^2 + f(x) f(y)

Solution

Figure 1
2. Let M,N,R,SM, N, R, S be the midpoints of line segments BC,CA,BD,ADBC, CA, BD, AD. Let ZZ be the centroid of △ABC\triangle ABC. Quadrilateral QFMCQFMC is cyclic as ∠QFC=90∘=∠QMC\angle QFC = 90^\circ = \angle QMC. Note that therefore CQCQ is a diameter of the circumcircle of QFMCQFMC. Analogously, we see that PNECPNEC is a cyclic quadrilateral, with diameter CPCP.
We show that ZZ also lies on the circumcircles of these cyclic quadrilaterals. The similarity transforming triangle BCABCA into triangle BDCBDC transforms triangle CZMCZM into DFRDFR, as CC is mapped to DD, the centroid ZZ is mapped to the centroid FF, and the midpoint MM of BCBC is mapped to the midpoint of BDBD, which is RR. So △CZM∼△DFR\triangle CZM \sim \triangle DFR, in particular ∠CZM=∠DFR=∠CFM\angle CZM = \angle DFR = \angle CFM (opposite angles). Therefore ZZ lies on the circumcircle of the cyclic quadrilateral QFMCQFMC. Analogously, we have ∠CZN=∠DES=∠CEN\angle CZN = \angle DES = \angle CEN, from which follows that ZZ lies on the circumcircle of the cyclic quadrilateral PNECPNEC.
We can now show that ZZ lies on PQPQ. As CQCQ is a diameter of the circle through Q,F,M,C,ZQ, F, M, C, Z, we have ∠QZC=90∘\angle QZC = 90^\circ. As CPCP is a diameter of the circle through P,N,E,Z,CP, N, E, Z, C, we also have ∠CZP=90∘\angle CZP = 90^\circ. Hence P,ZP, Z, and QQ are collinear. □\square

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