Problem:
Fifty counters are on a table. Two players alternate taking away 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 of them. Whoever picks up the last counter is the loser. Who has a winning strategy, the first player or the second?
Problem:
Fifty counters are on a table. Two players alternate taking away 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 of them. Whoever picks up the last counter is the loser. Who has a winning strategy, the first player or the second?
Solution:
Note that if you make a turn and there is 1 counter left, you have won since the other player must pick up that counter.
If you make a turn and there are 7 counters left, you can win: if your opponent picks up 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 of them, you can respectively take , or of them to leave .
Likewise, if you play and there are counters left, you can in the same way play to leave on your next turn.
Continuing in this way, we see that the first player can win by removing counter, leaving , and then playing on the succeeding turns to leave , and .