Maths Olympiad Prep

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Geometry Difficulty 4.8 AIME Find the answer United States

Problem:
Suppose we have an (infinite) cone C\mathcal{C} with apex AA and a plane π\pi. The intersection of π\pi and C\mathcal{C} is an ellipse E\mathcal{E} with major axis BCBC, such that BB is closer to AA than CC, and BC=4BC = 4, AC=5AC = 5, AB=3AB = 3. Suppose we inscribe a sphere in each part of C\mathcal{C} cut up by E\mathcal{E} with both spheres tangent to E\mathcal{E}. What is the ratio of the radii of the spheres (smaller to larger)?

A number or a short expression. Fractions can be typed as 3/2, and spacing doesn't matter.

Solution

Solution:
Answer: 13\sqrt{\frac{1}{3}}

It can be seen that the points of tangency of the spheres with E\mathcal{E} must lie on its major axis due to symmetry. Hence, we consider the two-dimensional cross-section with plane ABCABC. Then the two spheres become the incentre and the excentre of the triangle ABCABC, and we are looking for the ratio of the inradius to the exradius. Let ss, rr, rar_{a} denote the semiperimeter, inradius, and exradius (opposite to AA) of the triangle ABCABC. We know that the area of ABCABC can be expressed as both rsrs and ra(sBC)r_{a}(s - |BC|), and so rra=sBCs\frac{r}{r_{a}} = \frac{s - |BC|}{s}. For the given triangle, s=6s = 6 and a=4a = 4, so the required ratio is 13\frac{1}{3}.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.