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Algebra Difficulty 6.9 National Olympiad Prove it Iran

Let TT be a given positive integer. Find all functions f:ZCf : \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{C} such that for every integer mm, f(m+T)=f(m)f(m+T) = f(m), and for every three integers a,ba, b, and cc, the following equality holds:
f(a)f(a+b)f(a+c)f(a+b+c)=1. f(a)\overline{f(a+b)}f(a+c)\overline{f(a+b+c)} = 1.
Note: zˉ\bar{z} denotes the complex conjugate of the complex number zz.

Solution

First, by substituting b=c=0b = c = 0 into the given relation, we obtain:
f(a)fˉ(a)fˉ(a)f(a)=1f(a)2f(a)2=1f(a)4=1f(a)=1 f(a) \cdot \bar{f}(a) \cdot \bar{f}(a) \cdot f(a) = 1 \Rightarrow |f(a)|^2 \cdot |f(a)|^2 = 1 \Rightarrow |f(a)|^4 = 1 \Rightarrow |f(a)| = 1
Since for every xCx \in \mathbb{C}, xxˉ=x2x\bar{x} = |x|^2, and we know f(x)=1|f(x)| = 1 implies fˉ(x)=1/f(x)\bar{f}(x) = 1/f(x). The original relation is f(a)f(a+b)f(a+c)f(a+b+c)=1f(a)\overline{f(a+b)f(a+c)f(a+b+c)} = 1. Substituting fˉ(x)=1/f(x)\bar{f}(x) = 1/f(x):
f(a)1f(a+b)1f(a+c)f(a+b+c)=1 f(a) \frac{1}{f(a+b)} \frac{1}{f(a+c)} f(a+b+c) = 1
f(a)f(a+b+c)=f(a+b)f(a+c) \Rightarrow f(a)f(a+b+c) = f(a+b)f(a+c)
Now, if a=0,c=1a = 0, c = 1, we can write:
f(b+1)=f(b)f(1)f(0)f(n)=f(1)nf(0)n1=f(0)(f(1)f(0))n f(b+1) = \frac{f(b)f(1)}{f(0)} \Rightarrow f(n) = \frac{f(1)^n}{f(0)^{n-1}} = f(0) \left(\frac{f(1)}{f(0)}\right)^n
Since f(n+T)=f(n)f(n+T) = f(n), we have that f(1)f(0)\frac{f(1)}{f(0)} is a root of unity. Therefore, every solution is of the form f(n)=cwnf(n) = cw^n where c=1|c| = 1 and ww is a root of unity. By substitution, we find that all such functions are solutions. ■

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