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Combinatorics Difficulty 6.2 National olympiad Prove it Iran

For a function f:P(N)Nf : \mathcal{P}(\mathbb{N}) \to \mathbb{N} and a subset ANA \subseteq \mathbb{N}, we say ff is *A-predictor* if the set {xNxA,f(A{x})x}\{x \in \mathbb{N} \mid x \notin A, f(A \cup \{x\}) \neq x\} is finite. Prove that there exists a function that for every subset AA of natural numbers is *A-predictor*.

Solution

Define f(A)=max(A)f(A) = \max(A) when AA is finite. Evidently, ff is AA-predictor when AA is finite. We extend ff to all subsets of N\mathbb{N}. We say two subsets A,BA,B are equivalent if BB is derived from AA by adding and deleting a finite number of elements; i.e. AΔBA\Delta B is finite. This is an equivalence relation. By the Axiom of Choice, we can select an element from each class of equivalency. For an arbitrary proper subset AA, let SAS_A be the selected element from the class of AA. So, AΔSAA\Delta S_A is finite. Define f(A)=max(AΔSA)f(A) = \max(A\Delta S_A) when ASAA \neq S_A and define f(SA)f(S_A) arbitrarily. We claim this function is AA-predictor for all subsets ANA \subseteq \mathbb{N}.

Let xx be a natural number such that xAx \notin A. AA and A{x}A \cup \{x\} are equivalent, so SA=SA{x}S_A = S_{A \cup \{x\}}. So
f(A{x})=f(AΔ{x})=max((AΔ{x})ΔSA)=max((AΔSA)Δ{x}). f(A \cup \{x\}) = f(A\Delta \{x\}) = \max((A\Delta \{x\})\Delta S_A) = \max((A\Delta S_A)\Delta \{x\}).
For x>max(AΔSA)x > \max(A\Delta S_A) we have (AΔSA)Δ{x}=(AΔSA){x}(A\Delta S_A)\Delta \{x\} = (A\Delta S_A) \cup \{x\}. therefore f(A{x})=xf(A \cup \{x\}) = x and the claim is proved. □

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