Maths Olympiad Prep

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Geometry Difficulty 5.3 AIME, harder Prove it Estonia

The diagonals of a tangential quadrilateral ABCDABCD intersect at point PP. The side ABAB is longer than any other side of ABCDABCD. Prove that the angle APBAPB is obtuse.

Solution

Let a,b,c,da, b, c, d be the lengths of the tangent line segments at vertices A,B,C,DA, B, C, D, respectively, and α=APB\alpha = \angle APB (Fig. 25). We have a+b>b+ca + b > b + c and a+b>a+da + b > a + d as ABAB is the longest side, implying a>ca > c and b>db > d. By the law of cosines:
(a+b)2=PA2+PB22PAPBcosα, (a+b)^2 = PA^2 + PB^2 - 2 \cdot PA \cdot PB \cdot \cos \alpha,
(b+c)2=PB2+PC2+2PBPCcosα, (b+c)^2 = PB^2 + PC^2 + 2 \cdot PB \cdot PC \cdot \cos \alpha,
(c+d)2=PC2+PD22PCPDcosα, (c+d)^2 = PC^2 + PD^2 - 2 \cdot PC \cdot PD \cdot \cos \alpha,
(d+a)2=PD2+PA2+2PDPAcosα. (d+a)^2 = PD^2 + PA^2 + 2 \cdot PD \cdot PA \cdot \cos \alpha.

Figure 1
Fig. 25

2(ab+cdbcda)=2(PAPB+PBPC+PCPD+PDPA)cosα2(ab + cd - bc - da) = -2(PA \cdot PB + PB \cdot PC + PC \cdot PD + PD \cdot PA) \cos \alpha. The l.h.s. can be expressed as 2(ac)(bd)2(a - c)(b - d) which is positive since a>ca > c and b>db > d. The parenthesized expression in the r.h.s. is also positive. Hence cosα\cos \alpha must be negative. This means that the angle APBAPB is obtuse.

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