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Geometry Difficulty 7.5 National Olympiad, round 2 Prove it Italy

Problem:

Given in the plane two parallel lines r,sr, s and two points P,QP, Q with PrP \in r and QsQ \in s, consider pairs of circles (CP,CQ)\left(C_{P}, C_{Q}\right), the first tangent to rr at PP and the second tangent to ss at QQ, which are also externally tangent to each other, at a point that we call TT. Determine the locus of such points TT as all possible pairs of circles vary.

Solution

Solution:

The locus sought is the union of the open segment PQP Q and the part of the circle with diameter PQP Q that lies outside the strip bounded by rr and ss.
Each circle can be tangent to its respective line in two ways: in one case it intersects the strip SS between the two lines, in the other it does not intersect it at all. In both cases the center of the circle (resp. OP,OQO_{P}, O_{Q}) lies along the perpendicular to the line through the point of tangency. Moreover, if the circles are tangent at TT, the line through the two centers passes through TT.
For the pair of circles this leads us to 4 cases: we immediately exclude the one in which neither of the two circles intersects SS, because in this case the circles cannot be tangent to each other.
Suppose first that both intersect SS: then TT belongs in turn to SS. The angles PO^PTP \hat{O}_{P} T and TO^QQT \hat{O}_{Q} Q are alternate interior angles with respect to the two parallel lines POPP O_{P} and QOQQ O_{Q} (which are such because both are perpendicular to rr and ss) cut by the transversal OPOQO_{P} O_{Q}, and are therefore equal. They are the central angles of the two isosceles triangles POPTP O_{P} T and TOQQT O_{Q} Q, which therefore also have equal base angles: from OPP^T=OQQ^TO_{P} \hat{P} T=O_{Q} \hat{Q} T one finally deduces that P,TP, T and QQ

Figure 1

are collinear, that is, that TT is a point interior to the segment PQP Q.
Conversely, if TT is a point interior to the segment PQP Q, let OPO_{P} be the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisector of PTP T with the perpendicular to rr passing through PP, and let OQO_{Q} be the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisector of QTQ T with the perpendicular to ss passing through QQ. By the similarity of the isosceles triangles POPTP O_{P} T and QOQTQ O_{Q} T, one has,
similarly to before, that TT lies on the segment OPOQO_{P} O_{Q}. By drawing the circle with center OPO_{P} tangent to rr and the circle with center OQO_{Q} tangent to ss, one thus finds that TT lies on the line of centers and belongs to both circles, so that the two circles are externally tangent at TT.
Suppose now that only one of the two intersects SS: by symmetry, suppose that this happens for CPC_{P}. The point TT then belongs to the (open) half-plane HH bounded by ss not containing rr. Let RR be the point symmetric to QQ with respect to OQO_{Q}. The tangent at RR to OQO_{Q} is parallel to ss and hence to rr; by what was shown in the first case, P,TP, T and RR are collinear. But since QQ and RR are diametrically opposite, QTQ T is perpendicular to PRP R. But then TT must belong to a semicircle with diameter PQP Q, in addition to HH.

Figure 2

Conversely, if TT is a point of the half-plane HH belonging to the semicircle with diameter PQP Q, we construct, as in the first case, OPO_{P} as the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisector of PTP T with the perpendicular to rr passing through PP and OQO_{Q} as the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisector of QTQ T with the perpendicular to ss passing through QQ. The verification that the circle with center OPO_{P} and radius OPPO_{P} P and the circle with center OQO_{Q} and radius OQQO_{Q} Q are tangent at TT is the same as that of the first case.
The locus sought is therefore the union of the open segment PQP Q and the part of the circle with diameter PQP Q that lies outside the (closed) strip bounded by rr and ss.

Observing as before that POPTP O_{P} T and QOQTQ O_{Q} T are isosceles triangles and that their vertex angles PO^PTP \hat{O}_{P} T and QO^QTQ \hat{O}_{Q} T are supplementary, one obtains by difference that the sum of the base angles of these two triangles are complementary. It follows that PT^Q=180PT^OPQT^OQ=90P \hat{T} Q=180^{\circ}-P \hat{T} O_{P}-Q \hat{T} O_{Q}=90^{\circ}. From here one concludes as in the previous solution.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement translated into English from it; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.