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Romania — NMO Selection Tests for the Balkan and International Mathematical Olympiads

Geometry Difficulty 8.4 Shortlist Prove it Romania

Two circles γ\gamma and γ′\gamma' cross one another at points AA and BB. The tangent to γ′\gamma' at AA meets γ\gamma again at CC, the tangent to γ\gamma at AA meets γ′\gamma' again at C′C', and the line CC′CC' separates the points AA and BB. Let Γ\Gamma be the circle externally tangent to γ\gamma, externally tangent to γ′\gamma', tangent to the line CC′CC', and lying on the same side of CC′CC' as BB. Show that the circles γ\gamma and γ′\gamma' intercept equal segments on one of the tangents to Γ\Gamma through AA.

Solution

Invert with respect to a circle centred at AA and denote by X∗X^* the image of a point X≠AX \neq A under this inversion. The circles γ\gamma and γ′\gamma' invert into straight lines B∗C∗B^*C^* and B∗C′∗B^*C'^*, and the tangents at AA into lines through AA, parallel to B∗C∗B^*C^* and B∗C′∗B^*C'^*. The line CC′CC' inverts into the circle AC∗C′∗AC^*C'^*, and 'CC' separating AA and B′B' is equivalent to 'B′B' lying inside circle AC∗C′∗AC^*C'^*. So AC∗B∗C′∗AC^*B^*C'^* is a parallelogram, obtuse-angled at AA and B∗B^*. Draw the line through AA, parallel to C∗C′∗C^*C'^*, meeting the lines B∗C∗B^*C^* and B∗C′∗B^*C'^* at DD and D′D', respectively. Then AA, C∗C^* and C′∗C'^* are the midpoints of the sides of the triangle B∗DD′B^*DD', and the line DD′DD' is the inverse of the line through AA on which γ\gamma and γ′\gamma' intercept equal segments. The circle AC∗C′∗AC^*C'^* is the nine-point circle of the triangle B∗DD′B^*DD'; by Feuerbach's theorem, it touches the incircle of that triangle. Since this incircle is the inverse of the circle Γ\Gamma in the original configuration, touching γ\gamma and γ′\gamma' externally and the line CC′CC', the conclusion follows.

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