Prove that (a2+2)(b2+2)(c2+2)≥9(ab+bc+ca) for all real numbers a,b,c>0.
Solution
Let p=a+b+c, q=ab+bc+ca, and r=abc. The inequality simplifies to a2b2c2+2(a2b2+b2c2+c2a2)+4(a2+b2+c2)+8−9(ab+bc+ca)≥0. Since a2b2+b2c2+c2a2=q2−2pr and a2+b2+c2=p2−2q, r2+2q2−4pr+4p2−8q+8−9q≥0, which simplifies to r2+2q2+4p2−17q−4pr+8≥0.(I) Bearing in mind that equality occurs for a=b=c=1, which means that, for instance, p=3r, one can rewrite (I) as (r−3p)2−310pr+935p2+2q2−17q+8≥0.(II) Since (ab−bc)2+(bc−ca)2+(ca−ab)2≥0 is equivalent to q2≥3pr, rewrite (II) as (r−3p)2+910(q2−3pr)+935p2+98q2−17q+8≥0.(III) Finally, a=b=c=1 implies q=3; then rewrite (III) as (r−3p)2+910(q2−3pr)+935(p2−3q)+98(q−3)2≥0. This final inequality is true because q2≥3pr and p2−3q=21[(a−b)2+(b−c)2+(c−a)2]≥0.
We prove the stronger inequality (a2+2)(b2+2)(c2+2)≥3(a+b+c)2,(*) which implies the proposed inequality because (a+b+c)2≥3(ab+bc+ca) is equivalent to (a−b)2+(b−c)2+(c−a)2≥0, which is immediate. The inequality (∗) is equivalent to ((b2+2)(c2+2)−3)a2−6(b+c)a+2(b2+2)(c2+2)−3(b+c)2≥0. Seeing this inequality as a quadratic inequality in a with positive leading coefficient (b2+2)(c2+2)−3=b2c2+2b2+2c2+1, it suffices to prove that its discriminant is non-positive, which is equivalent to (3(b+c))2−((b2+2)(c2+2)−3)(2(b2+2)(c2+2)−3(b+c)2)≤0. This simplifies to −2(b2+2)(c2+2)+3(b+c)2+6≤0.(**) Now we look at (∗∗) as a quadratic inequality in b with negative leading coefficient −2c2−1: (−2c2−1)b2+6cb−c2−2≤0. It suffices to show that the discriminant of (∗∗) is non-positive, which is equivalent to 9c2−(2c2+1)(c2+2)≤0 It simplifies to −2(c2−1)2≤0, which is true. The equality occurs for c2=1, that is, c=1, for which b=2(2c2+1)6c=1, and a=2((b2+2)(c2+2)−3)6(b+c)=1.
Let A,B,C be angles in (0,π/2) such that a=2tanA, b=2tanB, and c=2tanC. Then the inequality is equivalent to 4sec2Asec2Bsec2C≥9(tanAtanB+tanBtanC+tanCtanA). Substituting secx=cosx1 for x∈{A,B,C} and clearing denominators, the inequality is equivalent to cosAcosBcosC(sinAsinBcosC+cosAsinBsinC+sinAcosBsinC)≤94 Since =cos(A+B+C)=cosAcos(B+C)−sinAsin(B+C)cosAcosBcosC−cosAsinBsinC−sinAcosBsinC−sinAsinBcosC, we rewrite our inequality as cosAcosBcosC(cosAcosBcosC−cos(A+B+C))≤94 The cosine function is concave down on (0,π/2). Therefore, if θ=3A+B+C, by the AM-GM inequality and Jensen's inequality, cosAcosBcosC≤(3cosA+cosB+cosC)3≤cos33A+B+C=cos3θ Therefore, since cosAcosBcosC−cos(A+B+C)=sinAsinBcosC+cosAsinBsinC+sinAcosBsinC>0, and recalling that cos3θ=4cos3θ−3cosθ, cosAcosBcosC(cosAcosBcosC−cos(A+B+C))≤cos3θ(cos3θ−cos3θ)=3cos4θ(1−cos2θ). Finally, by AM-GM (notice that 1−cos2θ=sin2θ>0), 3cos4θ(1−cos2θ)=23cos2θ⋅cos2θ(2−2cos2θ)≤23(3cos2θ+cos2θ+(2−2cos2θ))3=94,
and the result follows.
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