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Algebra Difficulty 7.4 National olympiad, round 2 Prove it Asia Pacific Mathematics Olympiad (APMO)

Prove that
(a2+2)(b2+2)(c2+2)9(ab+bc+ca) \left(a^{2}+2\right)\left(b^{2}+2\right)\left(c^{2}+2\right) \geq 9(ab+bc+ca)
for all real numbers a,b,c>0a, b, c > 0.

Solution

Let p=a+b+cp = a + b + c, q=ab+bc+caq = ab + bc + ca, and r=abcr = abc. The inequality simplifies to
a2b2c2+2(a2b2+b2c2+c2a2)+4(a2+b2+c2)+89(ab+bc+ca)0. a^{2}b^{2}c^{2} + 2(a^{2}b^{2} + b^{2}c^{2} + c^{2}a^{2}) + 4(a^{2} + b^{2} + c^{2}) + 8 - 9(ab + bc + ca) \geq 0.
Since a2b2+b2c2+c2a2=q22pra^{2}b^{2} + b^{2}c^{2} + c^{2}a^{2} = q^{2} - 2pr and a2+b2+c2=p22qa^{2} + b^{2} + c^{2} = p^{2} - 2q,
r2+2q24pr+4p28q+89q0, r^{2} + 2q^{2} - 4pr + 4p^{2} - 8q + 8 - 9q \geq 0,
which simplifies to
r2+2q2+4p217q4pr+80. \begin{equation*} r^{2} + 2q^{2} + 4p^{2} - 17q - 4pr + 8 \geq 0. \tag{I} \end{equation*}
Bearing in mind that equality occurs for a=b=c=1a = b = c = 1, which means that, for instance, p=3rp = 3r, one can rewrite (I) as
(rp3)2103pr+359p2+2q217q+80. \begin{equation*} \left(r - \frac{p}{3}\right)^{2} - \frac{10}{3}pr + \frac{35}{9}p^{2} + 2q^{2} - 17q + 8 \geq 0. \tag{II} \end{equation*}
Since (abbc)2+(bcca)2+(caab)20(ab - bc)^{2} + (bc - ca)^{2} + (ca - ab)^{2} \geq 0 is equivalent to q23prq^{2} \geq 3pr, rewrite (II) as
(rp3)2+109(q23pr)+359p2+89q217q+80. \begin{equation*} \left(r - \frac{p}{3}\right)^{2} + \frac{10}{9}(q^{2} - 3pr) + \frac{35}{9}p^{2} + \frac{8}{9}q^{2} - 17q + 8 \geq 0. \tag{III} \end{equation*}
Finally, a=b=c=1a = b = c = 1 implies q=3q = 3; then rewrite (III) as
(rp3)2+109(q23pr)+359(p23q)+89(q3)20. \left(r - \frac{p}{3}\right)^{2} + \frac{10}{9}(q^{2} - 3pr) + \frac{35}{9}(p^{2} - 3q) + \frac{8}{9}(q - 3)^{2} \geq 0.
This final inequality is true because q23prq^{2} \geq 3pr and p23q=12[(ab)2+(bc)2+(ca)2]0p^{2} - 3q = \frac{1}{2}[(a - b)^{2} + (b - c)^{2} + (c - a)^{2}] \geq 0.

We prove the stronger inequality
(a2+2)(b2+2)(c2+2)3(a+b+c)2, \begin{equation*} \left(a^{2} + 2\right)\left(b^{2} + 2\right)\left(c^{2} + 2\right) \geq 3(a + b + c)^{2}, \tag{*} \end{equation*}
which implies the proposed inequality because (a+b+c)23(ab+bc+ca)(a + b + c)^{2} \geq 3(ab + bc + ca) is equivalent to (ab)2+(bc)2+(ca)20(a - b)^{2} + (b - c)^{2} + (c - a)^{2} \geq 0, which is immediate.
The inequality ()(*) is equivalent to
((b2+2)(c2+2)3)a26(b+c)a+2(b2+2)(c2+2)3(b+c)20. \left((b^{2} + 2)(c^{2} + 2) - 3\right)a^{2} - 6(b + c)a + 2(b^{2} + 2)(c^{2} + 2) - 3(b + c)^{2} \geq 0.
Seeing this inequality as a quadratic inequality in aa with positive leading coefficient (b2+2)(c2+2)3=b2c2+2b2+2c2+1(b^{2} + 2)(c^{2} + 2) - 3 = b^{2}c^{2} + 2b^{2} + 2c^{2} + 1, it suffices to prove that its discriminant is non-positive, which is equivalent to
(3(b+c))2((b2+2)(c2+2)3)(2(b2+2)(c2+2)3(b+c)2)0. (3(b + c))^{2} - \left((b^{2} + 2)(c^{2} + 2) - 3\right)\left(2(b^{2} + 2)(c^{2} + 2) - 3(b + c)^{2}\right) \leq 0.
This simplifies to
2(b2+2)(c2+2)+3(b+c)2+60. \begin{equation*} -2(b^{2} + 2)(c^{2} + 2) + 3(b + c)^{2} + 6 \leq 0. \tag{**} \end{equation*}
Now we look at ()(**) as a quadratic inequality in bb with negative leading coefficient 2c21-2c^{2} - 1:
(2c21)b2+6cbc220. (-2c^{2} - 1)b^{2} + 6cb - c^{2} - 2 \leq 0.
It suffices to show that the discriminant of ()(**) is non-positive, which is equivalent to
9c2(2c2+1)(c2+2)0 9c^{2} - (2c^{2} + 1)(c^{2} + 2) \leq 0
It simplifies to 2(c21)20-2(c^{2} - 1)^{2} \leq 0, which is true. The equality occurs for c2=1c^{2} = 1, that is, c=1c = 1, for which b=6c2(2c2+1)=1b = \frac{6c}{2(2c^{2} + 1)} = 1, and a=6(b+c)2((b2+2)(c2+2)3)=1a = \frac{6(b + c)}{2((b^{2} + 2)(c^{2} + 2) - 3)} = 1.

Let A,B,CA, B, C be angles in (0,π/2)(0, \pi/2) such that a=2tanAa = \sqrt{2} \tan A, b=2tanBb = \sqrt{2} \tan B, and c=2tanCc = \sqrt{2} \tan C. Then the inequality is equivalent to
4sec2Asec2Bsec2C9(tanAtanB+tanBtanC+tanCtanA). 4 \sec^{2} A \sec^{2} B \sec^{2} C \geq 9(\tan A \tan B + \tan B \tan C + \tan C \tan A).
Substituting secx=1cosx\sec x = \frac{1}{\cos x} for x{A,B,C}x \in \{A, B, C\} and clearing denominators, the inequality is equivalent to
cosAcosBcosC(sinAsinBcosC+cosAsinBsinC+sinAcosBsinC)49 \cos A \cos B \cos C (\sin A \sin B \cos C + \cos A \sin B \sin C + \sin A \cos B \sin C) \leq \frac{4}{9}
Since
cos(A+B+C)=cosAcos(B+C)sinAsin(B+C)=cosAcosBcosCcosAsinBsinCsinAcosBsinCsinAsinBcosC, \begin{aligned} & \cos (A + B + C) = \cos A \cos (B + C) - \sin A \sin (B + C) \\ = & \cos A \cos B \cos C - \cos A \sin B \sin C - \sin A \cos B \sin C - \sin A \sin B \cos C, \end{aligned}
we rewrite our inequality as
cosAcosBcosC(cosAcosBcosCcos(A+B+C))49 \cos A \cos B \cos C (\cos A \cos B \cos C - \cos (A + B + C)) \leq \frac{4}{9}
The cosine function is concave down on (0,π/2)(0, \pi/2). Therefore, if θ=A+B+C3\theta = \frac{A + B + C}{3}, by the AM-GM inequality and Jensen's inequality,
cosAcosBcosC(cosA+cosB+cosC3)3cos3A+B+C3=cos3θ \cos A \cos B \cos C \leq \left(\frac{\cos A + \cos B + \cos C}{3}\right)^{3} \leq \cos^{3} \frac{A + B + C}{3} = \cos^{3} \theta
Therefore, since cosAcosBcosCcos(A+B+C)=sinAsinBcosC+cosAsinBsinC+sinAcosBsinC>0\cos A \cos B \cos C - \cos (A + B + C) = \sin A \sin B \cos C + \cos A \sin B \sin C + \sin A \cos B \sin C > 0, and recalling that cos3θ=4cos3θ3cosθ\cos 3\theta = 4\cos^{3} \theta - 3\cos \theta,
cosAcosBcosC(cosAcosBcosCcos(A+B+C))cos3θ(cos3θcos3θ)=3cos4θ(1cos2θ)\cos A \cos B \cos C (\cos A \cos B \cos C - \cos (A + B + C)) \leq \cos^{3} \theta (\cos^{3} \theta - \cos 3\theta) = 3\cos^{4} \theta (1 - \cos^{2} \theta).
Finally, by AM-GM (notice that 1cos2θ=sin2θ>01 - \cos^{2} \theta = \sin^{2} \theta > 0),
3cos4θ(1cos2θ)=32cos2θcos2θ(22cos2θ)32(cos2θ+cos2θ+(22cos2θ)3)3=493\cos^{4} \theta (1 - \cos^{2} \theta) = \frac{3}{2} \cos^{2} \theta \cdot \cos^{2} \theta (2 - 2\cos^{2} \theta) \leq \frac{3}{2} \left(\frac{\cos^{2} \theta + \cos^{2} \theta + (2 - 2\cos^{2} \theta)}{3}\right)^{3} = \frac{4}{9},

and the result follows.

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