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Combinatorics Difficulty 7.1 National Olympiad, round 2 Prove it Thailand

A Pattano coin is a coin which has a blue side and a yellow side. A positive integer not exceeding 100100 is written on each side of every coin (the sides may have different integers).

Two Pattano coins are identical if the number on the blue side of both coins are equal and the number on the yellow side of both coins are equal.

Two Pattano coins are pairable if the number on the blue side of both coins are equal or the number on the yellow side of both coins are equal.

Given 25592559 Pattano coins such that no two coins are identical. Show that at least one Pattano coin is pairable with at least 5050 other coins.

Solution

We represent each Pattano coin by an ordered pair (i,j)(i, j), where ii and jj are the numbers written on the blue and yellow side respectively. Let CC be the set of non-identical 25592559 Pattano coins. Let bib_i denote the number of Pattano coins in CC with ii on its blue side, and yjy_j denote the number of Pattano coins in CC with jj on its yellow side. For a Pattano coin (i,j)(i, j) in CC, let pi,jp_{i,j} be the number of coins in CC that are pairable with (i,j)(i, j) (apart from itself).

It is easy to see that
pi,j=bi+yj2, p_{i,j} = b_i + y_j - 2,
thus
(i,j)Cpi,j=(i,j)Cbi+(i,j)Cyj5118.(9) \sum_{(i,j) \in C} p_{i,j} = \sum_{(i,j) \in C} b_i + \sum_{(i,j) \in C} y_j - 5118. \quad (9)

Note that bib_i appears in the sum (i,j)Cbi\sum_{(i,j) \in C} b_i exactly bib_i times, and yjy_j appears in the sum (i,j)Cyj\sum_{(i,j) \in C} y_j exactly yjy_j times. Hence
(i,j)Cbi=i=1100bi2and(i,j)Cyj=j=1100yj2.(10) \sum_{(i,j) \in C} b_i = \sum_{i=1}^{100} b_i^2 \quad \text{and} \quad \sum_{(i,j) \in C} y_j = \sum_{j=1}^{100} y_j^2. \qquad (10)

Applying the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality to the vectors (b1,b2,,b100)(b_1, b_2, \dots, b_{100}), (1,1,,1)(1, 1, \dots, 1) and (y1,y2,,y100)(y_1, y_2, \dots, y_{100}), (1,1,,1)(1, 1, \dots, 1) we obtain,
(i=1100bi)2(i=110012)(i=1100bi2)=100i=1100bi2,(j=1100yj)2(j=110012)(j=1100yj2)=100j=1100yj2.(11) \left(\sum_{i=1}^{100} b_i\right)^2 \le \left(\sum_{i=1}^{100} 1^2\right) \left(\sum_{i=1}^{100} b_i^2\right) = 100 \sum_{i=1}^{100} b_i^2, \\ \left(\sum_{j=1}^{100} y_j\right)^2 \le \left(\sum_{j=1}^{100} 1^2\right) \left(\sum_{j=1}^{100} y_j^2\right) = 100 \sum_{j=1}^{100} y_j^2. \qquad (11)

Combining (9), (10) and (11) yields
(i,j)Cpi,j1100[(i=1100bi)2+(j=1100yj)2]5118. \sum_{(i,j) \in C} p_{i,j} \ge \frac{1}{100} \left[ \left( \sum_{i=1}^{100} b_i \right)^2 + \left( \sum_{j=1}^{100} y_j \right)^2 \right] - 5118.

But i=1100bi=j=1100yj=2559\sum_{i=1}^{100} b_i = \sum_{j=1}^{100} y_j = 2559, thus
(i,j)Cpi,j1100(25592+25592)5118=25592505118. \sum_{(i,j) \in C} p_{i,j} \ge \frac{1}{100} (2559^2 + 2559^2) - 5118 = \frac{2559^2}{50} - 5118.

Finally, by the pigeonhole principle, there exists (i,j)C(i,j) \in C such that pi,j2559502=50p_{i,j} \ge \left\lfloor \frac{2559}{50} - 2 \right\rfloor = 50. That is, there exists a Pattano coin which is pairable with at least 5050 other coins.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.