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Combinatorics Difficulty 4.3 AIME Find the answer United States

Problem:
What is the probability that in a randomly chosen arrangement of the numbers and letters in "HMMT2005," one can read either "HMMT" or "2005" from left to right? (For example, in "5HM0M20T," one can read "HMMT.")

A number or a short expression. Fractions can be typed as 3/2, and spacing doesn't matter.

Solution

Solution:
23144\frac{23}{144}
To read "HMMT," there are (84)\binom{8}{4} ways to place the letters, and 4!2\frac{4!}{2} ways to place the numbers. Similarly, there are (84)4!2\binom{8}{4} \frac{4!}{2} arrangements where one can read "2005." The number of arrangements in which one can read both is just (84)\binom{8}{4}. The total number of arrangements is 8!4\frac{8!}{4}, thus the answer is
(84)4!2+(84)4!2(84)8!4=(84)48!23=23144. \frac{\binom{8}{4} \frac{4!}{2} + \binom{8}{4} \frac{4!}{2} - \binom{8}{4}}{\frac{8!}{4}} = \binom{8}{4} \frac{4}{8!} \cdot 23 = \frac{23}{144}.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.