Maths Olympiad Prep

Library / /7 of 24

Number theory Difficulty 5.0 AIME, harder Prove it Croatia

Let aa and bb be integers of different parity. Prove that there exists an integer cc such that the numbers ab+cab + c, a+ca + c and b+cb + c are squares of integers.

Solution

For arbitrary aa and bb of different parity define
c=1+a2+b22a2b2ab4. c = \frac{1 + a^2 + b^2 - 2a - 2b - 2ab}{4}.
Note that cc is an integer, since aa and bb are of different parity (for example, if aa is even and bb is odd, then 12b+b2=(1b)21 - 2b + b^2 = (1 - b)^2 and a22a2aba^2 - 2a - 2ab are divisible by 44).
Then
a+c=1+a2+b2+2a2b2ab4=(1+ab2)2,b+c=1+a2+b22a+2b2ab4=(1a+b2)2,ab+c=1+a2+b22a2b+2ab4=(1ab2)2. \begin{aligned} a + c &= \frac{1 + a^2 + b^2 + 2a - 2b - 2ab}{4} = \left( \frac{1 + a - b}{2} \right)^2, \\ b + c &= \frac{1 + a^2 + b^2 - 2a + 2b - 2ab}{4} = \left( \frac{1 - a + b}{2} \right)^2, \\ ab + c &= \frac{1 + a^2 + b^2 - 2a - 2b + 2ab}{4} = \left( \frac{1 - a - b}{2} \right)^2. \end{aligned}
Since aa and bb are of different parity, the numbers 1+ab1+a-b, 1a+b1-a+b and 1ab1-a-b are even, which completes the proof.

Want a route through all this instead of an archive? The track puts 2,000 problems in a working order, from AMC 10 level to the IMO shortlist.

Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.