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Algebra Difficulty 6.0 National olympiad Prove it Vietnam

Let (xn)(x_n), (yn)(y_n) be two positive sequences defined by x1=1x_1 = 1, y1=3y_1 = \sqrt{3} and
{xn+1yn+1xn=0xn+12+yn=2 \begin{cases} x_{n+1}y_{n+1} - x_n = 0 \\ x_{n+1}^2 + y_n = 2 \end{cases}
for all positive integers nn. Prove that these sequences are convergent and find their limits.

Solution

We can see that x1=1=2sinπ6x_1 = 1 = 2 \sin \frac{\pi}{6}, y1=3=2cosπ6y_1 = \sqrt{3} = 2 \cos \frac{\pi}{6}.
So we will prove, by induction, that for all positive integers nn, we have
xn=2sinπ32n,yn=2cosπ32n.(1) x_n = 2 \sin \frac{\pi}{3 \cdot 2^n}, \quad y_n = 2 \cos \frac{\pi}{3 \cdot 2^n}. \qquad (1)
Indeed, for n=1n=1 the statement is true. Assume that (1) is true for nn. Applying the recurrent relation, we get
xn+1=2yn=22cosπ32n=4sin2π32n+1=2sinπ32n+1 \begin{aligned} x_{n+1} &= \sqrt{2 - y_n} = \sqrt{2 - 2 \cos \frac{\pi}{3 \cdot 2^n}} \\ &= \sqrt{4 \sin^2 \frac{\pi}{3 \cdot 2^{n+1}}} = 2 \sin \frac{\pi}{3 \cdot 2^{n+1}} \end{aligned}
and
yn+1=xnxn+1=2sinπ32n2sinπ32n+1=2cosπ32n+1. y_{n+1} = \frac{x_n}{x_{n+1}} = \frac{2 \sin \frac{\pi}{3 \cdot 2^n}}{2 \sin \frac{\pi}{3 \cdot 2^{n+1}}} = 2 \cos \frac{\pi}{3 \cdot 2^{n+1}}.
So (1) is also true for n+1n+1. Hence, (1) is true for all positive integers nn. From this we have
limxn=lim(2sinπ32n)=(2sin0)=0 \lim x_n = \lim \left( 2 \sin \frac{\pi}{3 \cdot 2^n} \right) = (2 \sin 0) = 0
and
limyn=lim(2cosπ32n)=(2cos0)=2. \lim y_n = \lim \left( 2 \cos \frac{\pi}{3 \cdot 2^n} \right) = (2 \cos 0) = 2.
Hence, (xn)(x_n), (yn)(y_n) are convergence and limxn=0\lim x_n = 0, limyn=2\lim y_n = 2. \square

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