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China Western Mathematical Olympiad

Algebra Difficulty 5.5 AIME, harder Prove it China

Suppose aa, bb, cc are real numbers, with a+b+c=3a + b + c = 3. Prove that
15a2−4a+11+15b2−4b+11+15c2−4c+11≤14. \frac{1}{5a^2 - 4a + 11} + \frac{1}{5b^2 - 4b + 11} + \frac{1}{5c^2 - 4c + 11} \le \frac{1}{4}.

Solution

If a<95, then \text{If } a < \frac{9}{5}, \text{ then}
15a2−4a+11≤124(3−a).1◯ \frac{1}{5a^2 - 4a + 11} \le \frac{1}{24}(3-a). \quad \textcircled{1}
In fact,
1◯⇔(3−a)(5a2−4a+11)≥24⇔5a3−19a2+23a−9≤0⇔(a−1)2(5a−9)≤0⇔a<95. \begin{align*} \textcircled{1} &\Leftrightarrow (3-a)(5a^2-4a+11) \ge 24 \\ &\Leftrightarrow 5a^3 - 19a^2 + 23a - 9 \le 0 \\ &\Leftrightarrow (a-1)^2(5a-9) \le 0 \Leftrightarrow a < \frac{9}{5}. \end{align*}
So if aa, bb, c<95c < \frac{9}{5}, then
15a2−4a+11+15b2−4b+11+15c2−4c+11≤124(3−a)+124(3−b)+124(3−c)=14. \begin{align*} & \frac{1}{5a^2 - 4a + 11} + \frac{1}{5b^2 - 4b + 11} + \frac{1}{5c^2 - 4c + 11} \\ &\le \frac{1}{24}(3-a) + \frac{1}{24}(3-b) + \frac{1}{24}(3-c) \\ &= \frac{1}{4}. \end{align*}
If one of aa, bb, cc is not less than 95\frac{9}{5}, say a≥95a \ge \frac{9}{5}, then
5a2−4a+11=5a(a−45)+11≥5⋅95⋅(95−45)+11=20. \begin{aligned} 5a^2 - 4a + 11 &= 5a \left(a - \frac{4}{5}\right) + 11 \\ &\ge 5 \cdot \frac{9}{5} \cdot \left(\frac{9}{5} - \frac{4}{5}\right) + 11 = 20. \end{aligned}
So15a2−4a+11≤120. \text{So} \quad \frac{1}{5a^2 - 4a + 11} \le \frac{1}{20}.
Since
5b2−4b+11=5(b−25)2+11−45≥11−45>10, 5b^2 - 4b + 11 = 5\left(b - \frac{2}{5}\right)^2 + 11 - \frac{4}{5} \ge 11 - \frac{4}{5} > 10,
we have 15b2−4b+11<110\frac{1}{5b^2 - 4b + 11} < \frac{1}{10}. Similarly, 15c2−4c+11<110\frac{1}{5c^2 - 4c + 11} < \frac{1}{10}. So
15a2−4a+11+15b2−4b+11+15c2−4c+11<120+110+110=14. \begin{aligned} & \frac{1}{5a^2 - 4a + 11} + \frac{1}{5b^2 - 4b + 11} + \frac{1}{5c^2 - 4c + 11} \\ < & \frac{1}{20} + \frac{1}{10} + \frac{1}{10} = \frac{1}{4}. \end{aligned}
Hence the inequality holds for all aa, bb, cc.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.