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China National Team Selection Test

Geometry Difficulty 7.5 National Olympiad, round 2 Prove it China

Prove that there exists a constant λ>0\lambda > 0, such that: for any positive integer mm, in the rectangular coordinates system, if all vertices of △ABC\triangle ABC are integral points, and there is a unique interior (not on the side) integral point whose xx and yy coordinates are multiples of mm, then the area of △ABC\triangle ABC is less than λm3\lambda m^3.

(Contributed by Wang Bin and Fu Yunhao)

Solution

We call (x,y)(x, y) an “mm-integral point” if x,yx, y are integers and m∣xm|x, m∣ym|y. By a proper translation, we may assume that the unique interior mm-integral point is at (0,0)(0, 0). Extend AOAO, BOBO, and COCO to meet the opposite sides at points DD, EE, and FF, respectively. Denote
p=ODAD=S△OBCS△ABC,q=OEBE=S△OCAS△ABC,r=OFCF=S△OABS△ABC. p = \frac{OD}{AD} = \frac{S_{\triangle OBC}}{S_{\triangle ABC}}, \quad q = \frac{OE}{BE} = \frac{S_{\triangle OCA}}{S_{\triangle ABC}}, \quad r = \frac{OF}{CF} = \frac{S_{\triangle OAB}}{S_{\triangle ABC}}.
Evidently, p+q+r=1p + q + r = 1; assume p≥q≥r>0p \ge q \ge r > 0 (so that p≥13≥1m+2p \ge \frac{1}{3} \ge \frac{1}{m+2}). Let A′A', B′B', and D′D' be the respective symmetric points of AA, BB, and DD about OO. On the line ADAD, let UVUV be the intersection of the segments ADAD and D′A′D'A', namely, UU is AA or D′D', VV is DD or A′A', whichever is closer to OO. Since △BUV⊆△ABC\triangle BUV \subseteq \triangle ABC, except for OO, there is no mm-integral point in the interior of △BUV\triangle BUV or in the interior of UVUV, and neither in the symmetric △B′UV\triangle B'UV. Together, they imply that the parallelogram BUB′VBUB'V

(centered at OO) does not have interior mm-integral points other than OO. By Minkowski's theorem,
4m2≥SBUB′V=4SΔOBV=4SΔABC×min⁡{p,1−p}×qq+r; 4m^2 \geq S_{BUB'V} = 4S_{\Delta OBV} = 4S_{\Delta ABC} \times \min\{p, 1-p\} \times \frac{q}{q+r};
SΔABC≤4m24min⁡{p,1−p}×q+rq≤2m2min⁡{p,1−p}. S_{\Delta ABC} \leq \frac{4m^2}{4 \min\{p, 1-p\}} \times \frac{q+r}{q} \leq \frac{2m^2}{\min\{p, 1-p\}}.
If p>mm+1p > \frac{m}{m+1}, then
ODOA′=ODAO=p1−p>m, \frac{OD}{OA'} = \frac{OD}{AO} = \frac{p}{1-p} > m,
taking OL=m⋅OA′OL = m \cdot OA' on segment ODOD, LL must be an mm-integral point inside △ABC\triangle ABC, which is contradictory.
Therefore, p≤mm+1p \le \frac{m}{m+1}, min⁡{p,1−p}≥1m+2\min\{p, 1-p\} \ge \frac{1}{m+2}, and we deduce

S△S_{\triangle} ABC} ≤\le 2m^2(m+2). □\quad \square

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