Maths Olympiad Prep

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Geometry Difficulty 7.5 National olympiad, round 2 Prove it

The circles k1,k2,k3k_1, k_2, k_3 with radii (a>c>ba>c>b) a,b,ca,b,c are tangent to line dd at A,B,CA,B,C, respectively. k1k_1 is tangent to k2k_2, and k2k_2 is tangent to k3k_3. The tangent line to k3k_3 at EE is parallel to dd, and it meets k1k_1 at DD. The line perpendicular to dd at AA meets line EBEB at FF. Prove that AD=AFAD=AF.

Solution

1. Identify the centers and radii of the circles:
- Let the centers of circles k1,k2,k3 k_1, k_2, k_3 be O1,O2,O3 O_1, O_2, O_3 respectively.
- The radii of the circles are a,b,c a, b, c respectively, with a>c>b a > c > b .

2. Position the circles:
- Since the circles are tangent to the line d d at points A,B,C A, B, C respectively, and k1 k_1 is tangent to k2 k_2 , and k2 k_2 is tangent to k3 k_3 , the distances between the centers of the circles are O1O2=a+b O_1O_2 = a + b and O2O3=b+c O_2O_3 = b + c .

3. Tangent line properties:
- The tangent line to k3 k_3 at E E is parallel to d d and meets k1 k_1 at D D . This implies that DE DE is a horizontal line parallel to d d .

4. Perpendicular line properties:
- The line perpendicular to d d at A A meets line EB EB at F F . This implies that AF AF is vertical.

5. **Calculate AF AF :**
- Since AF AF is vertical and F F lies on EB EB , we need to find the vertical distance from A A to F F .
- Given that AFCE AF \parallel CE , we can use similar triangles to find AF AF .

6. Use similar triangles:
- Consider the triangles formed by the centers and the points of tangency. The vertical distance from A A to the line d d is a a , from B B to d d is b b , and from C C to d d is c c .
- Since AFCE AF \parallel CE , the triangles AFO1 \triangle AFO_1 and CEO3 \triangle CEO_3 are similar.

7. **Calculate AF AF using similar triangles:**
- The ratio of the sides of the similar triangles is given by the ratio of the radii:
AFCE=ac \frac{AF}{CE} = \frac{a}{c}
- Since CE=2c CE = 2c (as E E is a point on the circle k3 k_3 and the tangent line is parallel to d d ), we have:
AF=2cac=2a AF = 2c \cdot \frac{a}{c} = 2a

8. **Calculate AD AD :**
- Let G G be the point where AO1 AO_1 meets DE DE . Since DE DE is parallel to d d , G G is the midpoint of DE DE .
- The distance AD AD can be calculated using the Pythagorean theorem in the right triangle AOD \triangle AOD :
AD=AG2+OD2OG2 AD = \sqrt{AG^2 + OD^2 - OG^2}
- Given AG=2c AG = 2c , OD=a OD = a , and OG=2ca OG = 2c - a , we have:
AD=(2c)2+a2(2ca)2 AD = \sqrt{(2c)^2 + a^2 - (2c - a)^2}
AD=4c2+a2(4c24ac+a2) AD = \sqrt{4c^2 + a^2 - (4c^2 - 4ac + a^2)}
AD=4ac AD = \sqrt{4ac}
AD=2ac AD = 2\sqrt{ac}

9. Conclusion:
- Since AF=2a AF = 2a and AD=2ac AD = 2\sqrt{ac} , we need to verify if 2a=2ac 2a = 2\sqrt{ac} .
- Simplifying, we get:
a=ac a = \sqrt{ac}
a2=ac a^2 = ac
a=c a = c
- This contradicts the given condition a>c a > c . Therefore, there must be an error in the initial assumptions or calculations.

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Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.