Maths Olympiad Prep

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Number theory Difficulty 6.0 AIME, harder Prove it

3. Prove: There exist infinitely many integers x,y,zx, y, z, such that the decimal representation of 4x4+y4z2+4xyz4 x^{4}+y^{4}-z^{2}+4 x y z has a sum of digits not exceeding 2.

Solution

3. Note that,
4x4+y4z2+4xyz=(4x4+y4+4x2y2)(4x2y2+z24xyz)=(2x2+y2)2(2xyz)2=(2x2+y22xy+z)(2x2+y2+2xyz). \begin{array}{l} 4 x^{4}+y^{4}-z^{2}+4 x y z \\ =\left(4 x^{4}+y^{4}+4 x^{2} y^{2}\right)-\left(4 x^{2} y^{2}+z^{2}-4 x y z\right) \\ =\left(2 x^{2}+y^{2}\right)^{2}-(2 x y-z)^{2} \\ =\left(2 x^{2}+y^{2}-2 x y+z\right)\left(2 x^{2}+y^{2}+2 x y-z\right) . \end{array}

Let A=2x2+y22xy+zA=2 x^{2}+y^{2}-2 x y+z,
B=2x2+y2+2xyz B=2 x^{2}+y^{2}+2 x y-z \text {. }

Then A+B=4x2+2y2A+B=4 x^{2}+2 y^{2}.
If we choose the values of xx and yy such that
A=4x2=4×52n+2,B=2y2=2×22n A=4 x^{2}=4 \times 5^{2 n+2}, B=2 y^{2}=2 \times 2^{2 n} \text {, }

then AB=2×102n+2A B=2 \times 10^{2 n+2}, and the sum of the digits of ABA B must be 2.
Thus, for any integer n1,x=5n+1,y=22nn \geqslant 1, x=5^{n+1}, y=2^{2 n}, we have
A=4x22x2+y22xy+z=4x2z=2x2+2xyy2=2×52n+2+10n+14n. \begin{aligned} & A=4 x^{2} \Leftrightarrow 2 x^{2}+y^{2}-2 x y+z=4 x^{2} \\ \Rightarrow & z=2 x^{2}+2 x y-y^{2} \\ = & 2 \times 5^{2 n+2}+10^{n+1}-4^{n} . \end{aligned}

Since zz is a positive integer,
4x4+y4z2+4xyz=2×102n+2 4 x^{4}+y^{4}-z^{2}+4 x y z=2 \times 10^{2 n+2} \text {. }

Therefore, the conclusion holds.

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Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.