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Algebra Difficulty 6.6 National olympiad Find the answer

Compute ax2018+by2018ax^{2018}+by^{2018}, given that there exist real aa, bb, xx, and yy which satisfy the following four equations:
ax2014+by2014=6ax2015+by2015=7ax2016+by2016=3ax2017+by2017=50.\begin{align*} ax^{2014}+by^{2014}&=6\\ ax^{2015}+by^{2015}&=7\\ ax^{2016}+by^{2016}&=3\\ ax^{2017}+by^{2017}&=50. \end{align*}

Solution

1. Define the function f(k)=axk+byk f(k) = ax^k + by^k . Given the equations:
f(2014)=6,f(2015)=7,f(2016)=3,f(2017)=50, \begin{align*} f(2014) &= 6, \\ f(2015) &= 7, \\ f(2016) &= 3, \\ f(2017) &= 50, \end{align*}
we need to find f(2018) f(2018) .

2. Observe that f(k) f(k) follows a linear recurrence relation. We can derive this by considering the expressions for f(k+1) f(k+1) and f(k1) f(k-1) :
f(k+1)=axk+1+byk+1=x(axk+byk)+y(axk+byk)xy(axk1+byk1). f(k+1) = ax^{k+1} + by^{k+1} = x(ax^k + by^k) + y(ax^k + by^k) - xy(ax^{k-1} + by^{k-1}).
Simplifying, we get:
f(k+1)=(x+y)f(k)xyf(k1). f(k+1) = (x+y)f(k) - xyf(k-1).
Let p=x+y p = x + y and q=xy q = -xy . Then the recurrence relation becomes:
f(k+1)=pf(k)+qf(k1). f(k+1) = pf(k) + qf(k-1).

3. Substitute the known values into the recurrence relation to find p p and q q :
f(2016)=pf(2015)+qf(2014),3=7p+6q,f(2017)=pf(2016)+qf(2015),50=3p+7q. \begin{align*} f(2016) &= pf(2015) + qf(2014), \\ 3 &= 7p + 6q, \\ f(2017) &= pf(2016) + qf(2015), \\ 50 &= 3p + 7q. \end{align*}

4. Solve the system of linear equations:
{3=7p+6q,50=3p+7q. \begin{cases} 3 = 7p + 6q, \\ 50 = 3p + 7q. \end{cases}
Multiply the first equation by 7 and the second by 6 to eliminate q q :
21=49p+42q,300=18p+42q. \begin{align*} 21 &= 49p + 42q, \\ 300 &= 18p + 42q. \end{align*}
Subtract the second equation from the first:
21300=49p18p    279=31p    p=9. 21 - 300 = 49p - 18p \implies -279 = 31p \implies p = -9.
Substitute p=9 p = -9 back into one of the original equations:
3=7(9)+6q    3=63+6q    66=6q    q=11. 3 = 7(-9) + 6q \implies 3 = -63 + 6q \implies 66 = 6q \implies q = 11.

5. The recurrence relation is now:
f(k+1)=9f(k)+11f(k1). f(k+1) = -9f(k) + 11f(k-1).

6. Use the recurrence relation to find f(2018) f(2018) :
f(2018)=9f(2017)+11f(2016),=9(50)+11(3),=450+33,=417. \begin{align*} f(2018) &= -9f(2017) + 11f(2016), \\ &= -9(50) + 11(3), \\ &= -450 + 33, \\ &= -417. \end{align*}

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Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.