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Algebra Difficulty 6.0 AIME, harder Prove it

56. Let a,b,c,dRa, b, c, d \in \mathbb{R}, and a+b+c+d=0a+b+c+d=0. Prove that,
(i) 3(a3+b3+c3+d3)2(a2+b2+c2+d2)33\left(a^{3}+b^{3}+c^{3}+d^{3}\right)^{2} \leqslant\left(a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}+d^{2}\right)^{3};
(ii)
108(a5+b5+c5+d5)225(a2+b2+c2+d2)5 \begin{array}{l} 108\left(a^{5}+b^{5}+c^{5}+d^{5}\right)^{2} \\ \leqslant 25\left(a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}+d^{2}\right)^{5} \end{array}

Solution

Prove: Let Sk=ak+bk+ck+dk(kN)S_{k}=a^{k}+b^{k}+c^{k}+d^{k}(k \in N).
(i) S3=a3+b3+c3(a+b+c)3S_{3}=a^{3}+b^{3}+c^{3}-(a+b+c)^{3}.

Since when a=ba=\cdots b or b=cb=-c or c=ac=-a, 0=00=0.
Assume S3μ(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)S_{3} \equiv \mu(a+b)(b+c)(c+a). When a=b=c=1a=b=c=1, we get μ=3\mu=-3.
S3=3(a+b)(b+c)(c+a). Also, S2=a2+b2+c2+(a+b+c)2=(a+b)2+(b+c)2+(c+a)2, \begin{aligned} \therefore \quad S_{3} & =-3(a+b)(b+c)(c+a) . \\ \text { Also, } S_{2} & =a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}+(a+b+c)^{2} \\ & =(a+b)^{2}+(b+c)^{2}+(c+a)^{2}, \end{aligned}

By the Arithmetic-Geometric Mean Inequality, we have
27(a+b)2(b+c)2(c+a)2[(a+b)2+(b+c)2+(c+a)2]3. \begin{array}{l} 27(a+b)^{2}(b+c)^{2}(c+a)^{2} \\ \leqslant\left[(a+b)^{2}+(b+c)^{2}+(c+a)^{2}\right]^{3} . \end{array}

Substituting (1) and (2) into (3) and simplifying, we get (i).
(ii) S5=a5+b5+c5(a+b+c)5S_{5}=a^{5}+b^{5}+c^{5}-(a+b+c)^{5}.

Since when a=ba=-b or b=cb=-c or c=ac=-a, S50S_{5} \equiv 0. Hence, we can assume
S5=(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)[p(a2+b2+c2)+q(ab S_{5}=(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)\left[p\left(a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}\right)+q(a b\right.
+bc+ca+b c+c a )]. (Since S5S_{5} is a symmetric polynomial of degree 5 in a,b,ca, b, c)
Taking a=b=c=1a=b=c=1 and a=b=1,c=0a=b=1, c=0 respectively, we get
p+q=10,2p+q=15..  p+q=-10,2 p+q=-15 \text {.. }

Solving these equations, we get p=q=5p=q=-5.
S5=52(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)[(a+b)2+(b+c)2+(c+a)2]. \begin{aligned} \therefore S_{5}= & -\frac{5}{2}(a+b)(b+c)(c+a) \\ & \cdot\left[(a+b)^{2}+(b+c)^{2}+(c+a)^{2}\right] . \end{aligned}

Thus, 108S52=25[27(a+b)2(b+c)2(c+a)2][(a+108 S_{5}^{2}=25\left[27(a+b)^{2}(b+c)^{2}(c+a)^{2}\right][(a+
b)2+(b+c)2+(c+a)2]2 \left.b)^{2}+(b+c)^{2}+(c+a)^{2}\right]^{2} \text {. }

By (3), we get
108S5225[(a+b)2+(b+c)2+(c+a)2]5 108 S_{5}^{2} \leqslant 25\left[(a+b)^{2}+(b+c)^{2}+(c+a)^{2}\right]^{5} \text {. }

Substituting (2) into the equation, we get (ii).

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Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.