Prove: Let Sk=ak+bk+ck+dk(k∈N).
(i) S3=a3+b3+c3−(a+b+c)3.
Since when a=⋯b or b=−c or c=−a, 0=0.
Assume S3≡μ(a+b)(b+c)(c+a). When a=b=c=1, we get μ=−3.
∴S3 Also, S2=−3(a+b)(b+c)(c+a).=a2+b2+c2+(a+b+c)2=(a+b)2+(b+c)2+(c+a)2,
By the Arithmetic-Geometric Mean Inequality, we have
27(a+b)2(b+c)2(c+a)2⩽[(a+b)2+(b+c)2+(c+a)2]3.
Substituting (1) and (2) into (3) and simplifying, we get (i).
(ii) S5=a5+b5+c5−(a+b+c)5.
Since when a=−b or b=−c or c=−a, S5≡0. Hence, we can assume
S5=(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)[p(a2+b2+c2)+q(ab
+bc+ca )]. (Since S5 is a symmetric polynomial of degree 5 in a,b,c)
Taking a=b=c=1 and a=b=1,c=0 respectively, we get
p+q=−10,2p+q=−15..
Solving these equations, we get p=q=−5.
∴S5=−25(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)⋅[(a+b)2+(b+c)2+(c+a)2].
Thus, 108S52=25[27(a+b)2(b+c)2(c+a)2][(a+
b)2+(b+c)2+(c+a)2]2.
By (3), we get
108S52⩽25[(a+b)2+(b+c)2+(c+a)2]5.
Substituting (2) into the equation, we get (ii).