1. Given that P(n,m)=∑k=0n(−1)k(kn)m+km and Q(n,m)=(mn+m), and m,n∈N∗; when m=1,
P(n,1)=∑k=0n(−1)k(kn)1+k1 can be rewritten using the identity (k+1n+1)=(kn)+(k+1n), which simplifies to n+11.
Q(n,1)=(1n+1)=n+1.
Therefore, P(n,1)⋅Q(n,1)=1.
2. Let's prove that P(n,m)⋅Q(n,m) is a constant for all m∈N∗.
Starting with P(n,m)=∑k=0n(−1)k(kn)m+km, which can be decomposed into two parts:
P(n,m)=1−∑k=1n−1(−1)k((kn−1)+(k−1n−1))m+km+(−1)nm+nm.
The first summation telescopes and using the identity (kn)=(kn−1)+(k−1n−1), we get:
P(n,m)=P(n−1,m)+nm[∑k=1n(−1)k(kn)(1−m+km)].
Simplifying further by distributing the summation and collecting terms:
P(n,m)=P(n−1,m)+nm[−1−∑k=1n(−1)k(kn)m+km].
Hence, we obtain a recursive relationship:
P(n,m)=P(n−1,m)−nmP(n,m).
From the recursion, we can infer that:
P(n,m)=(n+m)!n!⋅m!P(0,m)=(nn+m)1.
Since Q(n,m)=(nn+m), we find that:
P(n,m)⋅Q(n,m)=1, demonstrating that it is indeed a constant value.