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Geometry Difficulty 7.0 National olympiad Prove it

MM is any point on the side ABAB of the triangle ABCABC. r,r1,r2r,r_1,r_2 are the radii of the circles inscribed in ABC,AMC,BMCABC,AMC,BMC. qq is the radius of the circle on the opposite side of ABAB to CC, touching the three sides of ABAB and the extensions of CACA and CBCB. Similarly, q1q_1 and q2q_2. Prove that r1r2q=rq1q2r_1r_2q=rq_1q_2.

Solution

We need to prove that r1r2q=rq1q2 r_1 r_2 q = r q_1 q_2 . To do this, we will show that

rq=r1q1r2q2 \frac{r}{q} = \frac{r_1}{q_1} \cdot \frac{r_2}{q_2}

Let s,s1,s2 s, s_1, s_2 be the semiperimeters, and Δ,Δ1,Δ2 \Delta, \Delta_1, \Delta_2 the areas of the triangles ABC,AMC,BMC \triangle ABC, \triangle AMC, \triangle BMC respectively. Let h h be the common altitude from C C to AB AB .

The circle pairs (r,q),(r1,q1),(r2,q2)(r, q), (r_1, q_1), (r_2, q_2) are centrally similar with the common external homothety center C C , the intersection of their common external tangents. Their pairwise homothety coefficients are equal to the distances of their tangency points from the vertex C C :

rq=sABs,r1q1=s1AMs1,r2q2=s2BMs2 \frac{r}{q} = \frac{s - AB}{s}, \quad \frac{r_1}{q_1} = \frac{s_1 - AM}{s_1}, \quad \frac{r_2}{q_2} = \frac{s_2 - BM}{s_2}

We need to show that:

sABs=s1AMs1s2BMs2 \frac{s - AB}{s} = \frac{s_1 - AM}{s_1} \cdot \frac{s_2 - BM}{s_2}

Rewriting the above equation, we get:

1ABs=(1AMs1)(1BMs2) 1 - \frac{AB}{s} = \left(1 - \frac{AM}{s_1}\right) \left(1 - \frac{BM}{s_2}\right)

Expanding the right-hand side, we have:

1ABs=1AMs1BMs2+AMs1BMs2 1 - \frac{AB}{s} = 1 - \frac{AM}{s_1} - \frac{BM}{s_2} + \frac{AM}{s_1} \cdot \frac{BM}{s_2}

This simplifies to:

ABs=AMs1+BMs2AMs1BMs2 \frac{AB}{s} = \frac{AM}{s_1} + \frac{BM}{s_2} - \frac{AM}{s_1} \cdot \frac{BM}{s_2}

Substituting AB=2Δh,AM=2Δ1h,BM=2Δ2h AB = \frac{2 \Delta}{h}, AM = \frac{2 \Delta_1}{h}, BM = \frac{2 \Delta_2}{h} and s=Δr,s1=Δ1r1,s2=Δ2r2 s = \frac{\Delta}{r}, s_1 = \frac{\Delta_1}{r_1}, s_2 = \frac{\Delta_2}{r_2} , we get:

2rh=2r1h+2r2h4r1r2h2 \frac{2r}{h} = \frac{2r_1}{h} + \frac{2r_2}{h} - \frac{4r_1 r_2}{h^2}

Reducing by 2hr1r2\frac{2h}{r_1 r_2} and rearranging, we obtain:

2h=1r1+1r2rr1r2 \frac{2}{h} = \frac{1}{r_1} + \frac{1}{r_2} - \frac{r}{r_1 r_2}

This relation has been proved in the referenced problems and confirms the required equality.

\blacksquare

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Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.