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Geometry Difficulty 7.3 National olympiad, round 2 Find the answer

Let the major axis of an ellipse be ABAB, let OO be its center, and let FF be one of its foci. PP is a point on the ellipse, and CDCD a chord through OO, such that CDCD is parallel to the tangent of the ellipse at PP. PFPF and CDCD intersect at QQ. Compare the lengths of PQPQ and OAOA.

A number or a short expression. Fractions can be typed as 3/2, and spacing doesn't matter.

Solution

1. Equation of the Ellipse: Let the equation of the ellipse be given by:
x2a2+y2b2=1 \frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1
where aa is the semi-major axis and bb is the semi-minor axis. The relationship between aa, bb, and the focal distance cc is given by:
c2=a2b2 c^2 = a^2 - b^2

2. Coordinates of the Focus: Let F(ϵc,0)F(\epsilon c, 0) be one of the foci of the ellipse, where ϵ=±1\epsilon = \pm 1.

3. Point on the Ellipse: Let P(au,bv)P(au, bv) be a point on the ellipse, where u2+v2=1u^2 + v^2 = 1.

4. **Slope of the Tangent at PP**: The slope of the tangent to the ellipse at PP is given by:
mPP=b2xa2y=buav m_{PP} = -\frac{b^2 x}{a^2 y} = -\frac{bu}{av}

5. **Equation of the Chord CDCD**: Since CDCD is parallel to the tangent at PP, its slope is also buav-\frac{bu}{av}. Therefore, the equation of CDCD passing through the center O(0,0)O(0,0) is:
y=buavx y = -\frac{bu}{av} x

6. **Equation of the Line PFPF**: The line PFPF passes through P(au,bv)P(au, bv) and F(ϵc,0)F(\epsilon c, 0). The slope of PFPF is:
mPF=bv0auϵc=bvauϵc m_{PF} = \frac{bv - 0}{au - \epsilon c} = \frac{bv}{au - \epsilon c}
Thus, the equation of PFPF is:
ybv=bvauϵc(xau) y - bv = \frac{bv}{au - \epsilon c} (x - au)

7. **Intersection Point QQ**: To find the coordinates of QQ, we solve the equations of CDCD and PFPF:
y=buavx y = -\frac{bu}{av} x
y=bvauϵc(xϵc) y = \frac{bv}{au - \epsilon c} (x - \epsilon c)
Equating the two expressions for yy:
buavx=bvauϵc(xϵc) -\frac{bu}{av} x = \frac{bv}{au - \epsilon c} (x - \epsilon c)
Solving for xx:
buavx(auϵc)=bv(xϵc) -\frac{bu}{av} x (au - \epsilon c) = bv (x - \epsilon c)
bux=bv(xϵc) -bu x = bv (x - \epsilon c)
bux=bvxbvϵc -bu x = bv x - bv \epsilon c
x(bv+bu)=bvϵc x (bv + bu) = bv \epsilon c
x=bvϵcbv+bu=ϵcv1+uv x = \frac{bv \epsilon c}{bv + bu} = \frac{\epsilon c v}{1 + \frac{u}{v}}
x=ϵcv2v+u x = \frac{\epsilon c v^2}{v + u}
Substituting xx back into the equation of CDCD:
y=buavϵcv2v+u y = -\frac{bu}{av} \cdot \frac{\epsilon c v^2}{v + u}
y=ϵbcuv2a(v+u) y = -\frac{\epsilon b c u v^2}{a (v + u)}

8. **Length PQPQ**: The coordinates of QQ are:
Q(ϵcv2v+u,ϵbcuv2a(v+u)) Q \left( \frac{\epsilon c v^2}{v + u}, -\frac{\epsilon b c u v^2}{a (v + u)} \right)
The distance PQPQ is:
PQ=(auϵcv2v+u)2+(bv+ϵbcuv2a(v+u))2 PQ = \sqrt{ \left( au - \frac{\epsilon c v^2}{v + u} \right)^2 + \left( bv + \frac{\epsilon b c u v^2}{a (v + u)} \right)^2 }
Simplifying the expression inside the square root:
PQ=(a(v+u)auϵcv2v+u)2+(a(v+u)bv+ϵbcuv2a(v+u))2 PQ = \sqrt{ \left( \frac{a (v + u) au - \epsilon c v^2}{v + u} \right)^2 + \left( \frac{a (v + u) bv + \epsilon b c u v^2}{a (v + u)} \right)^2 }
PQ=(a2u(v+u)ϵcv2v+u)2+(abv(v+u)+ϵbcuv2a(v+u))2 PQ = \sqrt{ \left( \frac{a^2 u (v + u) - \epsilon c v^2}{v + u} \right)^2 + \left( \frac{a b v (v + u) + \epsilon b c u v^2}{a (v + u)} \right)^2 }
PQ=(a2uϵcv2)2+(bv)2 PQ = \sqrt{ \left( a^2 u - \epsilon c v^2 \right)^2 + \left( b v \right)^2 }
PQ=a2u2+b2v2+c22ϵacu PQ = \sqrt{ a^2 u^2 + b^2 v^2 + c^2 - 2 \epsilon a c u }
PQ=a22ϵacu+c2 PQ = \sqrt{ a^2 - 2 \epsilon a c u + c^2 }
PQ=a PQ = a

Thus, PQ=OAPQ = OA.

The final answer is PQ=OA \boxed{ PQ = OA } .

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Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.