Maths Olympiad Prep

Library / /467 of 520

Combinatorics Difficulty 6.2 National olympiad Prove it

Two teams played a tennis match in such a way that every player of one team played one match against every player of the other team. At the end, it was found that everyone had both a loss and a win. Prove that there are then four players who "outplayed" each other in a cycle.

Solution

I. solution. Let AA be the most successful player of the first team, that is, the one who won the most matches in the first team. (If there are more such players, let AA be one of them.) According to the condition, AA had a loss, and one of the players who defeated him is BB. Since BB defeated AA, he could only lose to a CC different from AA.

Since AA is the best player in his team, there is a player DD in the second team whom AA defeated, and from whom CC lost. If there were no such player, then CC would have won more matches than AA, since he also defeated BB. This proves our statement, because the players A,B,C,DA, B, C, D defeated each other in a cycle.

II. solution. If we line up the participants of the matches starting from any player, such that everyone is followed by a player they defeated, then the line will eventually form a circle, meaning we will eventually reach a player who defeated someone who is ahead of them. As long as this does not happen, the line cannot break, since everyone won at least one match. Therefore, there are players who defeated each other in a cycle. Each such group can only consist of an even number of players, since there are an equal number of players from each team. We will show that the smallest such group consists of four players.

A group of two players is clearly not possible. If our statement were not true, there would be a number NN greater than 4, such that there is an NN-player group that defeated each other in a cycle, but no group with fewer than NN players. Take an NN-player group that defeated each other in a cycle, and let AA be any of its members, and B,C,DB, C, D be the players defeated by A,B,CA, B, C respectively. If DD defeated AA, then A,B,C,DA, B, C, D would form a group that defeated each other in a cycle. If DD lost to AA, we could remove BB and CC from the original NN-player group, and the group would still be a cycle of players who defeated each other. Both cases lead to a contradiction with our assumption, so the smallest group of players who defeated each other in a cycle can only consist of four players.

Remarks. 1. In the second solution, we only used the fact that everyone won at least once.

2. The statement can also be proven by induction on the number of players in the teams.

Want a route through all this instead of an archive? The track puts 2,000 problems in a working order, from AMC 10 level to the IMO shortlist.

Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.