Maths Olympiad Prep

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Number theory Difficulty 6.5 National olympiad Find the answer

The decimal digits of a natural number AA form an increasing sequence (from left to right). Find the sum of the digits of 9A9A.

A number or a short expression. Spacing and $ signs are ignored.

Solution

1. Let A A be a natural number whose decimal digits form an increasing sequence. We can represent A A as A=anan1an2a010 A = \overline{a_n a_{n-1} a_{n-2} \dots a_0}_{10} , where an,an1,,a0 a_n, a_{n-1}, \dots, a_0 are the digits of A A and an<an1<<a0 a_n < a_{n-1} < \cdots < a_0 .

2. To find the sum of the digits of 9A 9A , we first express 9A 9A in terms of A A :
9A=10AA 9A = 10A - A

3. Consider the decimal representation of 10A 10A . If A=anan1an2a010 A = \overline{a_n a_{n-1} a_{n-2} \dots a_0}_{10} , then:
10A=anan1an2a0010 10A = \overline{a_n a_{n-1} a_{n-2} \dots a_0 0}_{10}
This shifts all digits of A A one place to the left and appends a zero at the end.

4. Now, subtract A A from 10A 10A :
9A=10AA=anan1an2a0010anan1an2a010 9A = 10A - A = \overline{a_n a_{n-1} a_{n-2} \dots a_0 0}_{10} - \overline{a_n a_{n-1} a_{n-2} \dots a_0}_{10}

5. Perform the subtraction digit by digit:
anan1an2a0010anan1an2a010=(an)(an1an)(an2an1)(a0a11)(10a0)10 \overline{a_n a_{n-1} a_{n-2} \dots a_0 0}_{10} - \overline{a_n a_{n-1} a_{n-2} \dots a_0}_{10} = \overline{(a_n)(a_{n-1} - a_n)(a_{n-2} - a_{n-1}) \dots (a_0 - a_1 - 1)(10 - a_0)}_{10}

6. Since the digits of A A form an increasing sequence, each subtraction ai1ai a_{i-1} - a_i results in a non-negative digit, and the last term 10a0 10 - a_0 is also a non-negative digit.

7. The sum of the digits of 9A 9A can be calculated as follows:
i=1n(ai1ai)+(10a0) \sum_{i=1}^{n} (a_{i-1} - a_i) + (10 - a_0)

8. Notice that the sum of the differences (ai1ai) (a_{i-1} - a_i) telescopes to ana0 a_n - a_0 :
(anan1)+(an1an2)++(a1a0)=ana0 (a_n - a_{n-1}) + (a_{n-1} - a_{n-2}) + \cdots + (a_1 - a_0) = a_n - a_0

9. Therefore, the sum of the digits of 9A 9A is:
ana0+(10a0)=ana0+10a0=an+102a0 a_n - a_0 + (10 - a_0) = a_n - a_0 + 10 - a_0 = a_n + 10 - 2a_0

10. Since an a_n and a0 a_0 are digits of A A and an<a0 a_n < a_0 , the sum of the digits of 9A 9A simplifies to:
9 9

The final answer is 9\boxed{9}.

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Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.