Maths Olympiad Prep

Library / /391 of 520

Algebra Difficulty 6.0 AIME, harder Prove it

Let's prove that for any pair of functions f(x),g(x)f(x), g(x) defined on the closed interval [0,1][0,1], there exist 0x10 \leq x \leq 1 and 0y10 \leq y \leq 1 such that

f(x)+g(y)xy14 |f(x)+g(y)-x y| \geq \frac{1}{4}

Solution

Among the four pairs of numbers (x,y)(x, y) formed from the values 0 and 1, there is at least one for which (1) holds. Indeed, for these pairs, the value of the function f(x)+g(y)xyf(x)+g(y)-xy is

a=f(0)+g(0)b=f(0)+g(1)c=f(1)+g(0)d=f(1)+g(1)1 \begin{aligned} a & =f(0)+g(0) \\ b & =f(0)+g(1) \\ c & =f(1)+g(0) \\ d & =f(1)+g(1)-1 \end{aligned}

Thus,

b+cad=1 b+c-a-d=1

and therefore, among the numbers b,c,(a),(d)b, c, (-a), (-d), at least one has an absolute value of at least 1/4. This completes the proof of our statement.

Remark. If in the hypothesis, the closed interval [0,1][0,1] for xx and yy is replaced by the open interval (0,1)(0,1), then the statement of the problem is no longer true. An example of this is

f(x)=g(x)=x218 f(x)=g(x)=\frac{x}{2}-\frac{1}{8}

Want a route through all this instead of an archive? The track puts 2,000 problems in a working order, from AMC 10 level to the IMO shortlist.

Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.