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Algebra Difficulty 7.5 National olympiad, round 2 Prove it

Let nn be a positive integer. Also let a1,a2,,ana_1, a_2, \dots, a_n and b1,b2,,bnb_1,b_2,\dots, b_n be real numbers such that ai+bi>0a_i+b_i>0 for i=1,2,,ni=1,2,\dots, n. Prove that
i=1naibibi2ai+bii=1naii=1nbi(i=1nbi)2i=1n(ai+bi)\sum_{i=1}^n \frac{a_ib_i-b_i^2}{a_i+b_i}\le\frac{\displaystyle \sum_{i=1}^n a_i\cdot \sum_{i=1}^n b_i - \left( \sum_{i=1}^n b_i\right) ^2}{\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^n (a_i+b_i)}.

(Proposed by Daniel Strzelecki, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland)

Solution

1. We start by considering the given inequality:
i=1naibibi2ai+bii=1naii=1nbi(i=1nbi)2i=1n(ai+bi) \sum_{i=1}^n \frac{a_ib_i - b_i^2}{a_i + b_i} \leq \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n a_i \cdot \sum_{i=1}^n b_i - \left( \sum_{i=1}^n b_i \right)^2}{\sum_{i=1}^n (a_i + b_i)}

2. First, we use the T2 Lemma (a form of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality) to handle the term involving bi2 b_i^2 :
i=1nbi2ai+bi(i=1nbi)2i=1n(ai+bi)() \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{-b_{i}^{2}}{a_{i}+b_{i}} \leq \frac{-\left( \sum_{i=1}^{n} b_{i} \right)^2}{\sum_{i=1}^{n} (a_{i} + b_{i})} \quad (\star)

3. For brevity, let:
θ=i=1naiandΩ=i=1nbi \theta = \sum_{i=1}^{n} a_{i} \quad \text{and} \quad \Omega = \sum_{i=1}^{n} b_{i}

4. Next, we consider the term involving aibi a_i b_i :
i=1n(ai+bi)24(ai+bi)i=1naibiai+bi=i=1n(aibi)24 \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{(a_{i} + b_{i})^2}{4(a_{i} + b_{i})} - \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{a_{i} b_{i}}{a_{i} + b_{i}} = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{(a_{i} - b_{i})^2}{4}

5. Applying the T2 Lemma again, we get:
i=1n(aibi)24(θΩ)2θ+Ω \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{(a_{i} - b_{i})^2}{4} \geq \frac{(\theta - \Omega)^2}{\theta + \Omega}

6. Rearranging the above inequality, we obtain:
i=1naibiai+biθ+Ω4(θΩ)2θ+Ω \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{a_{i} b_{i}}{a_{i} + b_{i}} \leq \frac{\theta + \Omega}{4} - \frac{(\theta - \Omega)^2}{\theta + \Omega}

7. Simplifying the right-hand side:
θ+Ω4(θΩ)2θ+Ω=θΩθ+Ω \frac{\theta + \Omega}{4} - \frac{(\theta - \Omega)^2}{\theta + \Omega} = \frac{\theta \cdot \Omega}{\theta + \Omega}

8. Thus, we have:
i=1naibiai+bii=1naii=1nbii=1n(ai+bi)() \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{a_{i} b_{i}}{a_{i} + b_{i}} \leq \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} a_{i} \cdot \sum_{i=1}^{n} b_{i}}{\sum_{i=1}^{n} (a_{i} + b_{i})} \quad (\dagger)

9. Adding the inequalities from ()(\star) and ()(\dagger), we get:
i=1naibibi2ai+bii=1naii=1nbi(i=1nbi)2i=1n(ai+bi) \sum_{i=1}^n \frac{a_i b_i - b_i^2}{a_i + b_i} \leq \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n a_i \cdot \sum_{i=1}^n b_i - \left( \sum_{i=1}^n b_i \right)^2}{\sum_{i=1}^n (a_i + b_i)}

10. The equality holds when ai=bi a_i = b_i for all 1in 1 \leq i \leq n .

\blacksquare

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Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.