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Geometry Difficulty 7.8 National olympiad, round 2 Prove it

The point MM lies on the side ABA B of the circumscribed quadrilateral ABCDA B C D. The points I1,I2I_{1}, I_{2}, and I3I_{3} are the incenters of MBC,MCD\triangle M B C, \triangle M C D, and MDA\triangle M D A. Show that the points M,I1,I2M, I_{1}, I_{2}, and I3I_{3} lie on a circle.
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Solution

Lemma. Let II be the incenter of ABC\triangle A B C and let the points PP and QQ lie on the lines ABA B and ACA C. Then the points A,I,PA, I, P, and QQ lie on a circle if and only if

BP+CQ=BC \overline{B P}+\overline{C Q}=B C

where BP\overline{B P} equals BP|B P| if PP lies in the ray BAB A \rightarrow and BP-|B P| if it does not, and similarly for CQ\overline{C Q}.
Proof of the lemma. We shall only consider the case when PP and QQ lie in the segments ABA B and ACA C. All other cases are treated analogously.
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Suppose that A,I,PA, I, P, and QQ lie on a circle. Let DD and EE be the contact points of the incircle of ABC\triangle A B C with ABA B and ACA C. We have that PIQ=180α\angle P I Q=180^{\circ}-\alpha, so DIP=EIQ\angle D I P=\angle E I Q and, therefore, DIPEIQ\triangle D I P \simeq \triangle E I Q. This gives us DP=EQD P=E Q and BP+CQ=BD+CE=BCB P+C Q=B D+C E=B C, as needed.

The converse is established by following the foregoing chain of inequalities in reverse.

Let the circumcircle of MI1I3\triangle M I_{1} I_{3} meet the lines AB,CMA B, C M, and DMD M for the second time at P,QP, Q, and RR. By the lemma, BP+CQ=BC\overline{B P}+\overline{C Q}=B C and DR+AP=DA\overline{D R}+\overline{A P}=D A. Therefore, CQ+DR=BC+DABPAP=\overline{C Q}+\overline{D R}=B C+D A-\overline{B P}-\overline{A P}= BC+DAABB C+D A-A B. Since ABCDA B C D is circumscribed, this is equal to CDC D, and, by the lemma, the proof is complete.
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Second solution. Let ω1,ω2\omega_{1}, \omega_{2}, and ω3\omega_{3} be the incircles of MBC,MCD\triangle M B C, \triangle M C D, and MDA\triangle M D A.
The common internal tangent t1t_{1} of ω1\omega_{1} and ω2\omega_{2} equals
[\left[\right. tangent from MM to ω2][\left.\omega_{2}\right]-\left[\right. tangent from MM to ω1]=12(MC+MDCDMBMC+BC)\left.\omega_{1}\right]=\frac{1}{2}(M C+M D-C D-M B-M C+B C).
Analogously, the common internal tangent t2t_{2} of ω2\omega_{2} and ω3\omega_{3} equals
[\left[\right. tangent from MM to ω2][\left.\omega_{2}\right]-\left[\right. tangent from MM to ω3]=12(MC+MDCDMDMA+DA)\left.\omega_{3}\right]=\frac{1}{2}(M C+M D-C D-M D-M A+D A).
Finally, the common external tangent t3t_{3} of ω1\omega_{1} and ω3\omega_{3} equals
[\left[\right. tangent from MM to ω1][\left.\omega_{1}\right]-\left[\right. tangent from MM to ω3]=12(MB+MCBC+MD+MADA)\left.\omega_{3}\right]=\frac{1}{2}(M B+M C-B C+M D+M A-D A).
Since ABCDA B C D is circumscribed, we have AB+CD=BC+DAA B+C D=B C+D A, and, therefore, t1+t2=t3t_{1}+t_{2}=t_{3}. It follows from this that ω1,ω2\omega_{1}, \omega_{2}, and ω3\omega_{3} have a common tangent ss (which separates ω2\omega_{2} from ω1\omega_{1} and ω3\omega_{3} ).
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Let MKL\triangle M K L be the triangle formed by the lines MC,MDM C, M D, and ss. Then, since I1I2I_{1} I_{2} and I2I3I_{2} I_{3} are external angle bisectors in it, we have I1I2I3=9012KML=180I1MI3\angle I_{1} I_{2} I_{3}=90^{\circ}-\frac{1}{2} \angle K M L=180^{\circ}-\angle I_{1} M I_{3} and, therefore, MI1I2I3M I_{1} I_{2} I_{3} is cyclic.
Remark(PSC):\operatorname{Remark}(\mathbf{P S C}): In the first solution, the angle α\alpha refers to the angle BAC\angle B A C.
Remark(PSC)\operatorname{Remark}(\mathbf{P S C}) : Referring to solution 1 , the inequality t3t1+t2t_{3} \leq t_{1}+t_{2} holds, the equality is possible if and only if the circles ω1,ω2\omega_{1}, \omega_{2}, and ω3\omega_{3} have a common tangent.

Remark(PSC): This problem was selected as G1 relative to the other Geometry problems proposed. PSC thinks the difficulty level of this problem is medium.

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Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.