Example 18([27.1]) Let be a positive integer such that . Prove: In the set , there must exist two distinct elements such that is not a perfect square.
Solution
To prove that it is easy to verify, take any two numbers from as , then must be a perfect square. Therefore, the selection of must be one as , and the other chosen from . We will use proof by contradiction to show that there must be a selection such that is not a perfect square. If are all perfect squares, then we have
If equation (1) holds, it indicates that has a close relationship with the sequence of perfect squares, thus it has strong restrictions on the remainders of certain moduli. We will point out that these restrictions are contradictory. This is the idea to solve this problem.
From the first equation of (1), we know that is an odd number, and is a number of the form , so
From this and the second and third equations of (1), we deduce that are both even, set as
Using the above two equations, by subtracting the second and third equations of (1), we get
But cannot equal , which is a contradiction.