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Number theory Difficulty 7.0 National olympiad, round 2 Prove it

Show that for each natural number kk there exist only finitely many triples (p,q,r)(p, q, r) of distinct primes for which pp divides qrkqr-k, qq divides prkpr-k, and rr divides pqkpq - k.

Solution

1. Assume the contrary: Suppose there exists an infinite sequence of triples (pi,qi,ri)(p_i, q_i, r_i) of distinct primes such that pi>qi>rip_i > q_i > r_i and pipjp_i \geq p_j whenever iji \geq j.

2. **Behavior of pip_i**: Since pip_i is a sequence of primes that is non-decreasing and unbounded, we have limipi=+\lim_{i \to \infty} p_i = +\infty.

3. **Behavior of qiq_i**: Given piqirikp_i \mid q_i r_i - k, we have:
qirikpi    qiripi+k q_i r_i - k \geq p_i \implies q_i r_i \geq p_i + k
Since qiq_i and rir_i are primes and qi>riq_i > r_i, we can approximate:
qi2>qiripi+k    qipi+k q_i^2 > q_i r_i \geq p_i + k \implies q_i \geq \sqrt{p_i + k}
Therefore, as pip_i \to \infty, qiq_i \to \infty.

4. **Behavior of rir_i**: Similarly, since qiq_i \to \infty, and rir_i is the smallest prime in the triple, rir_i must also tend to infinity as ii \to \infty.

5. Divisibility condition: From the given conditions:
piqirik,qipirik,ripiqik p_i \mid q_i r_i - k, \quad q_i \mid p_i r_i - k, \quad r_i \mid p_i q_i - k
We can multiply these conditions:
piqiri(qirik)(pirik)(piqik) p_i q_i r_i \mid (q_i r_i - k)(p_i r_i - k)(p_i q_i - k)

6. Simplification: Expanding the right-hand side, we get:
(qirik)(pirik)(piqik)=piqiri(qiri+piri+piqi2k)+k3k2(pi+qi+ri)+k(piqi+qiri+ripi) (q_i r_i - k)(p_i r_i - k)(p_i q_i - k) = p_i q_i r_i (q_i r_i + p_i r_i + p_i q_i - 2k) + k^3 - k^2(p_i + q_i + r_i) + k(p_i q_i + q_i r_i + r_i p_i)
Since piqirip_i q_i r_i divides the left-hand side, it must also divide the simplified form:
piqiripiqiri(qiri+piri+piqi2k) p_i q_i r_i \mid p_i q_i r_i (q_i r_i + p_i r_i + p_i q_i - 2k)
This implies:
piqiripiqiri(qiri+piri+piqi2k) p_i q_i r_i \leq p_i q_i r_i (q_i r_i + p_i r_i + p_i q_i - 2k)

7. Inequality: Dividing both sides by piqirip_i q_i r_i, we get:
1qiri+piri+piqi2k 1 \leq q_i r_i + p_i r_i + p_i q_i - 2k
Dividing by piqirip_i q_i r_i, we get:
11pi+1qi+1ri2kpiqiri 1 \leq \frac{1}{p_i} + \frac{1}{q_i} + \frac{1}{r_i} - \frac{2k}{p_i q_i r_i}

8. Limit behavior: As ii \to \infty, pi,qi,rip_i, q_i, r_i \to \infty, so:
limi(1pi+1qi+1ri2kpiqiri)=0 \lim_{i \to \infty} \left( \frac{1}{p_i} + \frac{1}{q_i} + \frac{1}{r_i} - \frac{2k}{p_i q_i r_i} \right) = 0
This leads to a contradiction since the left-hand side is always 1, but the right-hand side tends to 0.

Therefore, our initial assumption that there exists an infinite sequence of such triples is false. Hence, for each natural number kk, there exist only finitely many triples (p,q,r)(p, q, r) of distinct primes satisfying the given conditions.

\blacksquare

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Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.