Number theoryDifficulty 7.0National olympiad, round 2Prove it
Show that for each natural number k there exist only finitely many triples (p,q,r) of distinct primes for which p divides qr−k, q divides pr−k, and r divides pq−k.
Solution
1. Assume the contrary: Suppose there exists an infinite sequence of triples (pi,qi,ri) of distinct primes such that pi>qi>ri and pi≥pj whenever i≥j.
2. **Behavior of pi**: Since pi is a sequence of primes that is non-decreasing and unbounded, we have limi→∞pi=+∞.
3. **Behavior of qi**: Given pi∣qiri−k, we have: qiri−k≥pi⟹qiri≥pi+k Since qi and ri are primes and qi>ri, we can approximate: qi2>qiri≥pi+k⟹qi≥pi+k Therefore, as pi→∞, qi→∞.
4. **Behavior of ri**: Similarly, since qi→∞, and ri is the smallest prime in the triple, ri must also tend to infinity as i→∞.
5. Divisibility condition: From the given conditions: pi∣qiri−k,qi∣piri−k,ri∣piqi−k We can multiply these conditions: piqiri∣(qiri−k)(piri−k)(piqi−k)
6. Simplification: Expanding the right-hand side, we get: (qiri−k)(piri−k)(piqi−k)=piqiri(qiri+piri+piqi−2k)+k3−k2(pi+qi+ri)+k(piqi+qiri+ripi) Since piqiri divides the left-hand side, it must also divide the simplified form: piqiri∣piqiri(qiri+piri+piqi−2k) This implies: piqiri≤piqiri(qiri+piri+piqi−2k)
7. Inequality: Dividing both sides by piqiri, we get: 1≤qiri+piri+piqi−2k Dividing by piqiri, we get: 1≤pi1+qi1+ri1−piqiri2k
8. Limit behavior: As i→∞, pi,qi,ri→∞, so: i→∞lim(pi1+qi1+ri1−piqiri2k)=0 This leads to a contradiction since the left-hand side is always 1, but the right-hand side tends to 0.
Therefore, our initial assumption that there exists an infinite sequence of such triples is false. Hence, for each natural number k, there exist only finitely many triples (p,q,r) of distinct primes satisfying the given conditions.
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