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Algebra Difficulty 7.0 National olympiad, round 2 Find the answer

3253 \cdot 25 For each positive integer nn, let
Sn=1+12+13++1nTn=S1+S2+S3++SnUn=12T1+13T2+14T3++1n+1Tn\begin{array}{l} S_{n}=1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\cdots+\frac{1}{n} \\ T_{n}=S_{1}+S_{2}+S_{3}+\cdots+S_{n} \\ U_{n}=\frac{1}{2} T_{1}+\frac{1}{3} T_{2}+\frac{1}{4} T_{3}+\cdots+\frac{1}{n+1} T_{n} \end{array}

Find integers 0<a,b,c,d<10000000<a, b, c, d<1000000, such that
T1988=aS1989b,U1988=cS1989d\begin{array}{l} T_{1988}=a S_{1989}-b, \\ U_{1988}=c S_{1989}-d \end{array}

and prove your result.

A number or a short expression. Spacing and $ signs are ignored.

Solution

[Solution] From the given information,
Tn=S1+S2+S3++Sn=1+(1+12)+(1+12+13)++(1+12+13++1n)=n+12(n1)+13(n2)++1n[n(n1)]=n(1+12+13++1n)[(112)+(113)++(11n)]=nSn[(n1)(Sn1)]=(n+1)Snn=(n+1)Sn+1(n+1)Tn=(n+1)Snn=(n+1)Sn+1(n+1)\begin{aligned} T_{n}= & S_{1}+S_{2}+S_{3}+\cdots+S_{n} \\ = & 1+\left(1+\frac{1}{2}\right)+\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}\right)+\cdots+\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\right. \\ & \left.\cdots+\frac{1}{n}\right) \\ = & n+\frac{1}{2}(n-1)+\frac{1}{3}(n-2)+\cdots+\frac{1}{n}[n-(n-1)] \\ = & n\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\cdots+\frac{1}{n}\right)-\left[\left(1-\frac{1}{2}\right)+\left(1-\frac{1}{3}\right)\right. \\ & \left.+\cdots+\left(1-\frac{1}{n}\right)\right] \\ = & n S_{n}-\left[(n-1)-\left(S_{n}-1\right)\right] \\ = & (n+1) S_{n}-n \\ = & (n+1) S_{n+1}-(n+1) \\ \therefore \quad T_{n}= & (n+1) S_{n}-n=(n+1) S_{n+1}-(n+1) \end{aligned}

Let n=1988n=1988, then we get
T1988=1989S19891989T_{1988}=1989 S_{1989}-1989

Therefore, a=1989,b=1989a=1989, b=1989.
 Also, Un=i=1n1i+1Ti=i=2n+11iTi1=i=2n+11i(iSii)=i=2n+1(Si1)=i=1n+1(Si1)=Tn+1(n+1)=(n+2)Sn+1(n+1)(n+1)=(n+2)Sn+12(n+1),Un=(n+2)Sn+12(n+1)\begin{array}{l} \text { Also, } U_{n}=\sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{1}{i+1} T_{i}=\sum_{i=2}^{n+1} \frac{1}{i} T_{i-1} \\ =\sum_{i=2}^{n+1} \frac{1}{i}\left(i S_{i}-i\right)=\sum_{i=2}^{n+1}\left(S_{i}-1\right) \\ =\sum_{i=1}^{n+1}\left(S_{i}-1\right)=T_{n+1}-(n+1) \\ =(n+2) S_{n+1}-(n+1)-(n+1) \\ =(n+2) S_{n+1}-2(n+1), \\ \therefore \quad U_{n}=(n+2) S_{n+1}-2(n+1) \text {. } \end{array}

Let n=1988n=1988, we get
U1988=1990S19893978U_{1988}=1990 S_{1989}-3978

Therefore, c=1990,d=3978c=1990, d=3978.

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Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.