There are numbers on the blackboard: . It is permitted to erase two of those numbers and write instead. Find all values of such that it is possible to leave number on the blackboard after such procedures.
Solution
1. Base Cases:
- For , the only number on the blackboard is 1. It is impossible to perform any operation to get 0.
- For , the numbers are 1 and 2. We can perform the operation .
- For , the numbers are 1, 2, and 3. We can try different operations, but it is impossible to get 0. For example:
This sequence does not work, and trying other combinations will also fail.
2. Inductive Step:
- Assume that for some , it is possible to leave the number 0 on the blackboard after operations.
- We need to show that if it is possible for , then it is also possible for .
- Consider the numbers . Perform the operation on and :
- Now we have the numbers . Since we assumed it is possible to leave 0 with numbers, we can perform the operations on the first numbers to eventually get 0. The extra does not affect the process.
3. Conclusion:
- By induction, if it is possible for , it is also possible for .
- We have shown that it is possible for and impossible for and .
- Therefore, it is possible for all except .
The final answer is except .