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Algebra Difficulty 7.6 National olympiad, round 2 Prove it

Lemma 8 Let nn be an integer >2>2, then we have
m=1n1mcos2πmn=n2m=1n1msin2πmn=n(1+cos2πn)2sin2πn\begin{array}{c} \sum_{m=1}^{n-1} m \cos \frac{2 \pi m}{n}=-\frac{n}{2} \\ \sum_{m=1}^{n-1} m \sin \frac{2 \pi m}{n}=-\frac{n\left(1+\cos \frac{2 \pi}{n}\right)}{2 \sin \frac{2 \pi}{n}} \end{array}

Solution

Prove that we have
1e2πi1n1=e2πi1n+1(e2πi1n1)(e2πi1n+1)=1+cos(2πn)+isin(2πn)e2πi1ne2πi1n=1+cos2πnisin2πn2isin2πn=121+cos2πn2sin2πni\begin{aligned} \frac{1}{e^{2 \pi i \frac{1}{n}}-1} & =\frac{e^{-2 \pi i \frac{1}{n}}+1}{\left(e^{2 \pi i \frac{1}{n}}-1\right)\left(e^{-2 \pi i \frac{1}{n}}+1\right)} \\ & =\frac{1+\cos \left(-\frac{2 \pi}{n}\right)+i \sin \left(-\frac{2 \pi}{n}\right)}{e^{2 \pi i \frac{1}{n}}-e^{-2 \pi i \frac{1}{n}}} \\ & =\frac{1+\cos \frac{2 \pi}{n}-i \sin \frac{2 \pi}{n}}{2 i \sin \frac{2 \pi}{n}} \\ & =-\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1+\cos \frac{2 \pi}{n}}{2 \sin \frac{2 \pi}{n}} i \end{aligned}

By Lemma 7, we have
m=1n1me2πimnne2πi1n1=0=m=1n1mcos2πmn+im=1n1msin2πmnn(12(1+cos2πn2sin2πn)i)=m=1n1mcos2πmn+n2+(m=1n1msin2πmn+(1+cos2πn)n2sin2πn)i=0, hence Lemma 8 is proved. \begin{aligned} & \sum_{m=1}^{n-1} m e^{2 \pi i \frac{m}{n}}-\frac{n}{e^{2 \pi i \frac{1}{n}}-1}=0 \\ = & \sum_{m=1}^{n-1} m \cos \frac{2 \pi m}{n}+i \sum_{m=1}^{n-1} m \sin \frac{2 \pi m}{n} \\ & -n\left(-\frac{1}{2}-\left(\frac{1+\cos \frac{2 \pi}{n}}{2 \sin \frac{2 \pi}{n}}\right) i\right) \\ = & \sum_{m=1}^{n-1} m \cos \frac{2 \pi m}{n}+\frac{n}{2}+\left(\sum_{m=1}^{n-1} m \sin \frac{2 \pi m}{n}\right. \\ & \left.+\frac{\left(1+\cos \frac{2 \pi}{n}\right) n}{2 \sin \frac{2 \pi}{n}}\right) i=0, \text{ hence Lemma 8 is proved. } \end{aligned}

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Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.