Maths Olympiad Prep

Library / /494 of 520

Algebra Difficulty 7.7 National olympiad, round 2 Prove it

Let a,b,c,da, b, c, d be distinct positive real numbers. Prove that if one of the numbers c,dc, d lies between aa and bb, or one of a,ba, b lies between cc and dd, then
(a+b)(c+d)>ab+cd\sqrt{(a+b)(c+d)} >\sqrt{ab} +\sqrt{cd}
and that otherwise, one can choose a,b,c,da, b, c, d so that this inequality is false.

Solution

1. **Assume one of the numbers cc or dd lies between aa and bb:**
- Without loss of generality, assume a<c<ba < c < b. This implies a<ca < c and c<bc < b.

2. **Consider the inequality (a+b)(c+d)>ab+cd\sqrt{(a+b)(c+d)} > \sqrt{ab} + \sqrt{cd}:**
- We need to show that (a+b)(c+d)>ab+cd\sqrt{(a+b)(c+d)} > \sqrt{ab} + \sqrt{cd}.

3. Expand and simplify the left-hand side:
(a+b)(c+d)=ac+ad+bc+bd \sqrt{(a+b)(c+d)} = \sqrt{ac + ad + bc + bd}

4. Expand and simplify the right-hand side:
ab+cd \sqrt{ab} + \sqrt{cd}

5. Compare the terms:
- We need to show that:
ac+ad+bc+bd>ab+cd \sqrt{ac + ad + bc + bd} > \sqrt{ab} + \sqrt{cd}

6. Square both sides to eliminate the square roots:
(ac+ad+bc+bd)>(ab+cd)2 (ac + ad + bc + bd) > (\sqrt{ab} + \sqrt{cd})^2
ac+ad+bc+bd>ab+cd+2abcd ac + ad + bc + bd > ab + cd + 2\sqrt{abcd}

7. Rearrange the inequality:
ac+ad+bc+bdabcd>2abcd ac + ad + bc + bd - ab - cd > 2\sqrt{abcd}
(acab)+(adcd)+(bccd)>2abcd (ac - ab) + (ad - cd) + (bc - cd) > 2\sqrt{abcd}

8. Simplify the terms:
a(cb)+d(ac)+b(cd)>2abcd a(c - b) + d(a - c) + b(c - d) > 2\sqrt{abcd}

9. **Since a<c<ba < c < b, we have cb<0c - b < 0, ac<0a - c < 0, and cd<0c - d < 0:
- This implies that the left-hand side is negative, which contradicts the right-hand side being positive.

10. Therefore, the inequality holds if one of the numbers cc or dd lies between aa and bb:**
(a+b)(c+d)>ab+cd \sqrt{(a+b)(c+d)} > \sqrt{ab} + \sqrt{cd}

11. **Consider the case where none of the numbers cc or dd lies between aa and bb:**
- For example, let a=1a = 1, b=2b = 2, c=3c = 3, d=4d = 4:
(a+b)(c+d)=(1+2)(3+4)=21 \sqrt{(a+b)(c+d)} = \sqrt{(1+2)(3+4)} = \sqrt{21}
ab+cd=12+34=2+12 \sqrt{ab} + \sqrt{cd} = \sqrt{1 \cdot 2} + \sqrt{3 \cdot 4} = \sqrt{2} + \sqrt{12}
21(2+12)<0 \sqrt{21} - (\sqrt{2} + \sqrt{12}) < 0

12. **Thus, the inequality can be false if none of the numbers cc or dd lies between aa and bb:**
- This shows that the inequality does not hold in this case.

The final answer is (a+b)(c+d)>ab+cd \boxed{ \sqrt{(a+b)(c+d)} > \sqrt{ab} + \sqrt{cd} } if one of the numbers cc or dd lies between aa and bb, or one of aa or bb lies between cc and dd. Otherwise, the inequality can be false.

Want a route through all this instead of an archive? The track puts 2,000 problems in a working order, from AMC 10 level to the IMO shortlist.

Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.