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Combinatorics Difficulty 7.3 National olympiad, round 2 Prove it

9. (FRG 4) IMO6{ }^{\mathrm{IMO6}} Let SS and FF be two opposite vertices of a regular octagon. A counter starts at SS and each second is moved to one of the two neighboring vertices of the octagon. The direction is determined by the toss of a coin. The process ends when the counter reaches FF. We define ana_{n} to be the number of distinct paths of duration nn seconds that the counter may take to reach FF from SS. Prove that for n=1,2,3,n=1,2,3, \ldots, a2n1=0,a2n=12(xn1yn1),a_{2 n-1}=0, \quad a_{2 n}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(x^{n-1}-y^{n-1}\right), \quad where x=2+2,y=22x=2+\sqrt{2}, y=2-\sqrt{2}.

Solution

9. Let us number the vertices, starting from SS and moving clockwise. In that case S=1S=1 and F=5F=5. After an odd number of moves to a neighboring point we can be only on an even point, and hence it follows that a2n1=0a_{2 n-1}=0 for all nNn \in \mathbb{N}. Let us define respectively znz_{n} and wnw_{n} as the number of paths from SS to SS in 2n2 n moves and the number of paths from SS to points 3 and 7 in 2n2 n moves. We easily derive the following recurrence relations: a2n+2=wn,wn+1=2wn+2zn,zn+1=2zn+wn,n=0,1,2, a_{2 n+2}=w_{n}, \quad w_{n+1}=2 w_{n}+2 z_{n}, \quad z_{n+1}=2 z_{n}+w_{n}, \quad n=0,1,2, \ldots By subtracting the second equation from the third we get zn+1=wn+1z_{n+1}=w_{n+1}- wnw_{n}. By plugging this equation into the formula for wn+2w_{n+2} we get wn+2w_{n+2}- 4wn+1+2wn=04 w_{n+1}+2 w_{n}=0. The roots of the characteristic equation r24r+2=0r^{2}-4 r+2=0 are x=2+2x=2+\sqrt{2} and y=22y=2-\sqrt{2}. From the conditions w0=0w_{0}=0 and w1=2w_{1}=2 we easily obtain a2n=wn1=(xn1yn1)/2a_{2 n}=w_{n-1}=\left(x^{n-1}-y^{n-1}\right) / \sqrt{2}.

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Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.