9. (FRG 4) Let and be two opposite vertices of a regular octagon. A counter starts at and each second is moved to one of the two neighboring vertices of the octagon. The direction is determined by the toss of a coin. The process ends when the counter reaches . We define to be the number of distinct paths of duration seconds that the counter may take to reach from . Prove that for , where .
Solution
9. Let us number the vertices, starting from and moving clockwise. In that case and . After an odd number of moves to a neighboring point we can be only on an even point, and hence it follows that for all . Let us define respectively and as the number of paths from to in moves and the number of paths from to points 3 and 7 in moves. We easily derive the following recurrence relations: By subtracting the second equation from the third we get . By plugging this equation into the formula for we get . The roots of the characteristic equation are and . From the conditions and we easily obtain .
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