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Combinatorics Difficulty 6.3 National olympiad Find the answer

Is it true that of the four heights of an arbitrary tetrahedron, three can be selected from which a triangle can be made?

Solution

1. Consider the face areas of the tetrahedron:
We are given that the face areas of the tetrahedron are proportional to 1,1,12,131, 1, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{3}. This means that if we denote the areas of the faces by A1,A2,A3,A4A_1, A_2, A_3, A_4, then:
A1=k,A2=k,A3=k2,A4=k3 A_1 = k, \quad A_2 = k, \quad A_3 = \frac{k}{2}, \quad A_4 = \frac{k}{3}
for some positive constant kk.

2. Verify the existence of such a tetrahedron:
To ensure that such a tetrahedron exists, we need to check that the sum of the areas of any three faces is greater than the area of the fourth face. This is a necessary condition for the face areas to form a valid tetrahedron.
A1+A2+A3=k+k+k2=2.5k>k3=A4 A_1 + A_2 + A_3 = k + k + \frac{k}{2} = 2.5k > \frac{k}{3} = A_4
A1+A2+A4=k+k+k3=2.333k>k2=A3 A_1 + A_2 + A_4 = k + k + \frac{k}{3} = 2.333k > \frac{k}{2} = A_3
A1+A3+A4=k+k2+k3=1.833k>k=A2 A_1 + A_3 + A_4 = k + \frac{k}{2} + \frac{k}{3} = 1.833k > k = A_2
A2+A3+A4=k+k2+k3=1.833k>k=A1 A_2 + A_3 + A_4 = k + \frac{k}{2} + \frac{k}{3} = 1.833k > k = A_1
Since all these inequalities hold, such a tetrahedron exists.

3. Determine the altitudes:
The altitudes of the tetrahedron are inversely proportional to the areas of the opposite faces. Therefore, if the altitudes are denoted by h1,h2,h3,h4h_1, h_2, h_3, h_4, then:
h11A1=1k,h21A2=1k,h31A3=2k,h43k h_1 \propto \frac{1}{A_1} = \frac{1}{k}, \quad h_2 \propto \frac{1}{A_2} = \frac{1}{k}, \quad h_3 \propto \frac{1}{A_3} = \frac{2}{k}, \quad h_4 \propto \frac{3}{k}
Thus, the altitudes are proportional to:
h1:h2:h3:h4=1:1:2:3 h_1 : h_2 : h_3 : h_4 = 1 : 1 : 2 : 3

4. Check if any three altitudes can form a triangle:
For three lengths to form a triangle, the sum of any two lengths must be greater than the third length. Consider the altitudes 1,1,2,31, 1, 2, 3:
1+1=22 1 + 1 = 2 \not> 2
1+2=33 1 + 2 = 3 \not> 3
Therefore, no three of these altitudes can form a triangle.

Conclusion:
Since we have found a tetrahedron with altitudes proportional to 1,1,2,31, 1, 2, 3 and no three of these can form a triangle, the statement is false.

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Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.