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Geometry Difficulty 6.5 National olympiad Prove it

Let ABCDEA B C D E be a convex pentagon such that the five vertices lie on a circle and the five sides are tangent to another circle inside the pentagon. There are (53)=10\binom{5}{3}=10 triangles which can be formed by choosing 3 of the 5 vertices. For each of these 10 triangles, mark its incenter. Prove that these 10 incenters lie on two concentric circles.

Solution

Let II be the incenter of pentagon ABCDEA B C D E. Let IAI_{A} denote the incenter of triangle EABE A B and IaI_{a} the incenter DACD A C. Define IB,Ib,IC,Ic,ID,Id,IE,IeI_{B}, I_{b}, I_{C}, I_{c}, I_{D}, I_{d}, I_{E}, I_{e} similarly.

We will first show that IAIBICIDIEI_{A} I_{B} I_{C} I_{D} I_{E} are concyclic. Let ωA\omega_{A} be the circle with center at the midpoint of arc DED E and passing through DD and EE. Define ωB,ωC,ωD,ωE\omega_{B}, \omega_{C}, \omega_{D}, \omega_{E} similarly. It is well-known that the incenter of a triangle lies on such circles, in particular, IAI_{A} lies on ωC\omega_{C} and ωD\omega_{D}. So the radical axis of ωC,ωD\omega_{C}, \omega_{D} is the line AIAA I_{A}. But this is just the angle bisector of EAB\angle E A B, which II also lies on. So II is in fact the radical center of ωA,ωB,ωC,ωD,ωE\omega_{A}, \omega_{B}, \omega_{C}, \omega_{D}, \omega_{E}! Inverting about II swaps IAI_{A} and AA and since ABCDEA B C D E are concyclic, IAIBICIDIEI_{A} I_{B} I_{C} I_{D} I_{E} are concyclic as well.

Let OO be the center of the circle IAIBICIDIEI_{A} I_{B} I_{C} I_{D} I_{E}. We will now show that OIa=OIdO I_{a}=O I_{d} which finishes the problem as we can consider the cyclic versions of this equation to find that OIa=OId=OIb=OIe=OIcO I_{a}=O I_{d}=O I_{b}=O I_{e}=O I_{c}. Recall a well-known lemma: For any cyclic quadrilateral WXYZW X Y Z, the incenters of XYZ,YZW,ZWX,WXYX Y Z, Y Z W, Z W X, W X Y form a rectangle. Applying this lemma on ABCDA B C D, we see that IB,IC,Ia,IdI_{B}, I_{C}, I_{a}, I_{d} form a rectangle in that order. Then the perpendicular bisector of IBICI_{B} I_{C} is exactly the perpendicular bisector of IaIdI_{a} I_{d}. Thus, OO is equidistant to IaI_{a} and IdI_{d} and we are done.

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Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.